Endoplasmic reticulum

CELL STRUCTURE AND FUNCTIONS

Remember the following words and expressions:

Cell		Division [dɪˈvɪʒən] деление Reproduction [ˌriːprəˈdʌkʃən] воспроизведение To comprise of [kəmˈpraɪz] включать To pass down [pɑːs daʊn] передавать Growth [grəʊθ] рост  Repair [rɪˈpeə] восстановление  Movement [ˈmuːvmənt] движение  Communication [kəˌmjuːnɪˈkeɪʃən] передача информации  immunity [ɪˈmjuːnɪti ] защита digestion [dɪˈʤɛsʧən] пищеварение subcellular [sʌb 'seljulə] внутриклеточный semi-permeable [ˈsɛmi-ˈpɜːmiəb(ə)l] полупроницаемый surrounding medium [səˈraʊndɪŋ ˈmiːdiəm] окружающая среда shape [ʃeɪp ] форма rigidity [rɪˈʤɪdɪti] упругость, эластичность spherical [ˈsfɛrɪkəl] сферический thread-like [θrɛd-laɪk] нитевидный genes [ʤiːnz] гены transfer [ˈtrænsfə] передача offspring [ˈɒfsprɪŋ ] потомство photosynthesis [ˌfəutə'sɪnθəsɪs] фотосинтез
Prokaryotes прокариоты	Eukaryotes эукариоты
Cytoplasm [ˈsaɪtəplæzm] цитоплазма Organelles: Plasma membrane [ˈplæzmə ˈmɛmbreɪn] клеточная мембрана Nucleus [ˈnjuːklɪəs] ядро Nucleolus ˌ[njuːklɪˈəʊləs] ядрышко Mitochondria [mʌɪtəʊˈkɒndriə] митохондрия  Golgi body [ˈgəulʤhɪp] аппарат Гольджи  Lysosome [ˈlʌɪsəsəʊm] лизосома Chromosome [ˈkrəʊməsəʊm] хромосома Endoplasmic reticulum Ribosomes

6 Упр. 1 Подпишите названия компонентов клетки. 5 4 3 2 1	Упр. Образуйте прилагательные при помощи приставок   – sub, –semi; переведите слова на русский и определите значение приставок.
	– sub: standard, tropical, conscious, par	– semi: final, circular, conscious, civilized, automatic

Text:

Cell is the smallest structural unit of a living organism. All cells are formed by the division of the already existing cells which is called reproduction. Every cell of our body comprises of genetic material which is passed down during the process of reproduction. All the basic physiological and chemical functions i.e. the growth, repair, movement, communication, immunity and digestion are performed inside the cells. The subcellular structures of the cell comprise of the plasma membrane, organelles and in some cases a nucleus as well.

Cell Membrane

The cell membrane acts as a semi-permeable barrier. It works to separate cells from one another and also the cell from the surrounding medium. The membrane is porous and allows the movements of materials or substances both inward and outward. Cell membrane offers shape and rigidity to the cell.

Cytoplasm

Cytoplasm is a jelly-like substance that is present between the nucleus and the cell membrane. There are a number of other organelles of the cell in the cytoplasm. These are mitochondria, Golgi bodies, lysosomes, etc.

Nucleus

The nucleus is the most important component of the living cell. It is located in the centre of the cell Nucleus works as the control centre of the activities of the cell. A smaller spherical body in the nucleus is the nucleolus. Besides the nucleolus, the nucleus also has several thread-like structures known as the chromosomes. The chromosomes carry genes and support in transfer of characters from the parents to the offspring.

Specialized organelles are a characteristic of cells of organisms known as eukaryotes. In contrast, cells of organisms known as prokaryotes do not contain organelles and are generally smaller than eukaryotic cells.

Упр. 3 Ответьте на вопросы по тексту.

1.  What is a cell? 2. Which functions are performed inside the cells? 3. What are the main subcellular structures of the cell? 4. What structure does the cell membrane have?

5. What are the main organelles of a cell? 6. Where is the nucleus located? 7. What is the name of the cells without any organized nucleus?

Упр. 4 Прочитайте информацию об основных компонентах клетки и их функциях. Сопоставьте названия компонентов клетки со словами, которые наилучшим образом характеризуют их.

The plasma membrane is a thin barrier around the cell consisting of lipids and proteins. The plasma membrane transports water, minerals and organic matter into the cell and removes harmful waste products and protects the cell.

Cytoplasm – the inner semi-liquid, jelly medium of the cell. Cytoplasm provides the connection between the nucleus and other organelles.

Mitochondria are organelles responsible for organic substance oxidation. Besides In general, mitochondria are organelles that synthesize energy; they are the “powerhouses” of the cell.

Golgi apparatus (Golgi complex) is a system of cavities inside the membrane. Golgi apparatus carry out the synthesis of fats and carbohydrates in the membrane.

Lysosomes are little bodies, separated from the cytoplasm by the membrane. Lysosomes speed up the reaction of the breakdown of complex molecules.

Endoplasmic reticulum

Ribosomes

1. cell membrane 2. cytoplasm 3. nucleus 4. chromosomes 5. mitochondria 6. Lysosome

a) jelly; b) barrier; c) thread-like structures; d) controller; e) breakdowner; f) powerhouse

 

Упр. 5 Вставьте пропущенное слово.

1. In complex organisms such as humans, the tissues grow by simple ……of cells. Hence, cells are responsible for the …..of the organism. 2. Cells … the nutrients that are used in the different chemical process which take place inside them.

3. Organisms need … to perform different chemical reactions. In plants, the energy comes from the process of… while in the animals the energy comes via …. 4. A cell helps in … by the processes of mitosis (in more evolved organisms) and meiosis.

growth, multiplication, energy, reproduction, photosynthesis, import, respiration

Упр. 6 Посмотрите видео “Internal Animals Cells Structure & Functions Animation Video ” и сопоставьте органеллы клетки с их функциями.

1. External (cell) membrane	a. to give the shape;
2. Cytoplasm	b. to carry genes;
3. Nucleus (with chromosomes in it)	c. to provide a highway for the transport of material within the cell and between the cells;
4. Endoplasmic reticulum	d. to be the powerhouse of the cell;
5. Mitochondria	e. to surround the cell;
6. Lysosomes	f. to be responsible for hereditary characters;
7. Golgi Body	g. to connect the parts of the cell and to help them to exchange materials;
8. Ribosomes	h. to allow substances in and out of the cell;
	i. to digest food;
	j. to make proteins in the cell;
	k. to mix proteins with other chemicals;
	l. to let all organelles float in the cell.