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108. Countertrade (встречная торговля) - a type of international trade in which parties exchange goods directly rather than for money; includes transactions, which avoid the use of money or transactions, which use money or credit but impose reciprocal commitments.
109. Transactions, which avoid the use of money (сделки без использования денег) - are simple barter, clearing arrangements, switch trading.
110. Transactions, which use money or credit but impose reciprocal commitments (сделки с использованием денег или кредита, но налагающие взаимные обязательства) - are buyback, counterpurchase, offset.
111. Simple barter (простой бартер) - is a direct exchange of physical goods between two parties; is a one-time transaction carried out under a single contract that specifies both goods to be delivered and the goods to be received.
112. Clearing arrangement (клиринговое соглашение) - each party agrees to purchase a specified (usually equal) value of goods and services from the other, with the cost of transactions debited to a special account.
113. Switch trade (взаимная торговля) - involves transferring use of bilateral clearing balances from one country to another.
114. Buyback transaction (compensation agreement) (компенсационная торговля) - is an agreement by an exporter of a plant or equipment to take compensation in the form of future output from that plant.
115. Production sharing (раздел продукции) - a similar agreement involving natural resources or energy projects.
116. Counterpurchase (встречная торговля) - transaction involving an initial export, bur with the exporter receiving back merchandise that is unrelated to items the exporter manufactures.
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117. Offset (возмещающая торговля) - the requirement of importing countries that their purchase price be offset in some way by the seller.
Export credit insurance in the U.S.:
118. Foreign Credit Insurance Association (FCIA) (Ассоциация страхования иностранных кредитов) - is an unincorporated association of private commercial insurance companies operating in cooperation with the government Export-Import Bank; provides policies protecting U.S. exporters against the risk of nonpayment by foreign debtors as a result of commercial and political risk.
119. The FCIA policies (политика FCIA) - short-term policies, involving payment terms up to 180 days, and medium-term policies, with payment terms from 181 days to five years.
120. The Export-Import Bank (Eximbank) (Экспортно-импортный банк) - is an independent agency of the U.S. government, stimulating U.S. exports through various loan guarantee and insurance programs, including repayment of medium-term and long-term export loans.
121. The Private Export Funding Corporation (PEFCO) (Корпорация частного экспортного финансирования) - is a private corporation formed in 1970 to help finance U.S. exports by making dollar loans to foreign purchasers of goods or services manufactured or originated in the U.S.
