Think of your own examples of phonetic motivation of a lingual sign

10. Group the words according to their type of motivation:

leaflet, murmur, start-up, trade-off, backer, bubble, talks, understudy, pullover, crash, board, curtain call, china, whisper, mink, bang, branch, lame duck, gypsy moth, cackle, impact.

Provide the examples of the three types of motivation.

12. Comment upon the following cases of variation:

trough [trɔf], [trɔ:f]; yogurt ['jɔgət], ['jəugət], ['jɔgɜ:t]; defect ['dɪfekt, dɪ'fekt]; dilemma [dɪ'lemə], [daɪ'lemə], cyclical ['saɪklɪk((ə)l)], ['sɪklɪk((ə)l)]; Tom – Tom’s; good – better – best, premise (n) – premises (n) – premise (v); refuse (n) – refuse (v); even – evening; wind [wind] – wind [waind]; clothed³ – clad³, pled²˒³ – pleaded²˒³.

Topics for presentations

· Nomination: act of nomination, units and types (Issues in English Philology … P. 67-73)

· Языковая картина мира (Тер-Минасова С.Г. Язык и межкультурная … С. 44-60)

Seminar 2. The Word Meaning

Semasiology. Meaning as a linguistic notion. Referential approach to lexical meaning. Types of meaning: the grammatical meaning, the lexical meaning, the part-of-speech meaning. Classification of lexical meanings: denotational meaning (denotation) and connotational meanings (connotation), emotive charge, evaluation, expressiveness (intensity), imagery, stylistic value, cultural information, direct (primary, proper) and indirect (figurative, transferred, secondary, derived) meanings, extended (general) and narrow (special) meanings, concrete and abstract meanings, main (primary, central) and secondary (peripheric) meanings, etymological, original, archaic, obsolete and present-day meanings, stylistically neutral and stylistically coloured (bookish and colloquial) meanings, dictionary and speech meanings, free (context-independent) and bound (context-dependent) meanings, usual and occasional (nonce words). Componential analysis. Semantic markers and distinguishers, integral and differential semes.