Intransitive (idiomatic)

that boy's acting up (= behaving badly)

all this doesn't add up (= make sense)

she's )ust blown in (= arrived unexpectedly)

prices bottomed out (= reached bottom)

my car's broken down (= it won't go)

the prisoners broke out of gaol (= escaped)

/'// call by/in/round tomorrow (= visit briefly)

please calm down (= don't panic)

sorry, I don't catch on (= understand)

cheer up* (= change your mood, be cheerful)

when do you clock in/out⁷ (= start/finish)

how did that come about⁷ (= happen)

prices have come down (= been reduced)

my plan came off (= succeeded)

the subject came up again (= was mentioned)

you'd better cough up (= pay)

please don't cut in (= interrupt)

my engine's cut out (= stopped working)

the sound died away (= became fainter)

that custom has died out (= become extinct)

let's dress up (= put on best/fancy clothes)

/'// drop by/in on the way home (= visit you)

dad's just dropped off (= fallen asleep)

you should ease off (= work less hard)

where will we end up⁷ (= finish our |ourney)

we fell about (= collapsed with laughter)

his argument fell down (= failed to convince)

the roof fell in (= collapsed)

Jim and his wife have fallen out (= quarrelled)

my plan fell through {= was unsuccessful)

you really get about/around (= travel)

don't you want to get ahead⁷ (= succeed)

he got off(= wasn't punished)

we really get on (— have a good relationship)

its time you got up (= rase from bed)

/'// never give in {— surrender)

the bomb went off (= exploded)

what's going on⁷ (= happening)

will this food go round⁷ (= be enough)

he hung up on me (= put the phone down)

don't hold back now (= hesitate)

it's hard to keep on (= continue)

/ can't keep up¹ (— stay at your level)

/ m going to knock off (= stop work)

/ wish you'd lay off (= stop being annoying)

please don't let on (= reveal the secret)

/ love to lie in (= stay in bed late)

I'd like to look on (= be a spectator)

look out¹ (= take care¹ i e danger)

things are looking up (= improving)

he took it and made off (= e g ran away)

he messes about (= acts in a lazy fashion)

mind out! (= be careful¹ i e danger)

later, he opened up (= talked more freely)

come on, own up (= confess)

he passed away/on/over last year (= died)

when I heard it, I passed out {= fainted)

your scheme didn t pay off (= succeed)

trade's picking up (= improving)

the car's playing up (= not working properly)

pull in here (= stop the car at the roadside)

you pulled up suddenly (= used the brakes)

we'd better push on (= continue our journey)

I've got to ring off (= end the phone call)

our supplies have run out (= been used up)

we re selling up (= selling all we have)

winter has set in (= begun and will continue)

when do you set out⁷ (= start your purney)

we all set to (= began working energetically)

I've settled down (= got used to a situation)

when will he settle up⁷(= pay his bills)

don t show off (= act boastfully)

he showed up at 1 (= arrived (probably) late)

shut up! (very informal) (= be quiet¹)

the news has sunk in (= been understood)

slow down¹ (= live less energetically)

speak out¹ (= make your views public)

his work stands out (= is of high quality)

they are staying out (= remaining on strike)

did you stay up all night⁷ (= not go to bed)

who heard them steal away⁷ (= leave quietly)

you'd better step in and help (= intervene)

/ ve switched off (= I m not listening)

did the plane take off⁷ (= leave the ground)

when did the plane touch down⁷ (= land)

/ m going to turn in (= go to bed)

how did things turn out⁷ (= finish)

look who's turned up (= suddenly appeared)

don't wait up for me {= not go to bed)

don't walk out (= stop work because of dispute)

who's going to wash up⁷(= wash the dishes)

watch out! (= be careful¹ i e danger)

the pain's worn off (= disappeared)

the evening wore on (= passed slowly)

he can t wind down (= relax after effort)

how did your plan work out⁷ (= develop)

Appendix 37 - 39

Appendix 37 [> 8 30 3]

Type 4: Verb + particle + preposition (idiomatic)

it backs on to the railway (= overlooks) // boils down to this (= can be summarized as) he's broken out in a rash (i e on his skin) / must brush up on my English {= improve) I'm bursting out of my clothes (= am too fat) cash in on the price-rise (= take advantage of) come across with the money (= provide it) it comes down to this (= means this) his work has come in for criticism (= received) can I come in on your plan'' (= be included) the bill comes out at $ 100(i e as a total) he came up with a good idea (= produced) we cried out against the idea (= protested) he's crying out for help (= is in great need) they did away with the bad law {= abolished) face up to it (= accept it with courage) we fell back on our savings (= had to use) / don't feel up to it (= feel capable of it) can you fill me in on this? (= inform me) get away with it (= manage to deceive) he got back at me in the end (= retaliated) / got down to work (= began to tackle) /'// get on to him (= contact him) he's getting up to something (= e g mischief) our house gives on to the river (= overlooks) / won t go back on my word(= fail to honour it) he's gone in for painting (= started as hobby) can't go through with it (= finish difficult thing) he's grown out of his coat (= got too big for) he has it in for me (= is very hard on me) don't hold out on me (= keep secret from me) keep in with him (= stay on good terms) let me in on it (= let me share, e g the secret) / can't live up to it (= maintain high standard) he looks down on us (= considers us inferior) / look forward to i t (= expect to enioy) look out for my book (= keep constant watch) she looks up to you (= admires, respects) this won't make up for it (= compensate for) what do you put it down to⁷ (= how explain⁷) put in for a rise (= make a formal request) who put you up to fhis⁷(= gave you the idea) / won't put up with it (= tolerate) read up on its history (= improve knowledge) his luck rubbed off on me (= benefited) we've run out of rice (= used up all we had) she's run out on him (= abandoned him) I'm running up against problems (= meeting) I've set up in business (= started a business) he's shown me up as a liar (= revealed truth) speak up for him (= state your support) /'// stand in for you (= act in your place) stand up for your principles (= defend) don't start in on him (= criticize him) stick out for more (= insist on receiving) we'll stick up for you (= support you) don'r take it out on me(= treat me unfairly) /'// take the matter up with Jim (= discuss it) she s taken up with Jim (= become friendly) talk him out of it (= persuade him not to do it) don't throw that back at me (= remind me of) that ties in nicely with my plan (= fits)

Appendix 38 [> 6.17,9.3 10.24,10.31,

12.3n5, 16.92, 16.45.1]

Some stative verbs

* = these have non-stative meanings/uses

38.1 Feelings, emotions ('I like', etc.): e g 'admire, adore, "(it) appeal to, "appreciate, (it) astonish, "(it) attract, believe in, care about "dare detest, dislike, doubt, envy, esteem, fear 'hate, "hope, "(it) impress, "(it) interest, 'like, 'love, 'mean, 'mind, (it) please, prize, 'regret, "respect, (can't) stand, "swear by, trust, "value

38.2 Thinking, believing ('I know', etc.): e g agree, 'appreciate, 'assume, believe, 'bet (informal), (can't) comprehend, (can't) conceive of 'consider, (can't) credit, disagree, disbelieve, 'estimate, 'expect, 'feel, figure (AmE), 'find, "gather, get it (= understand, informal), 'guess (AmE), "hear(= be told), hear about (= get to know), hear of (= know about), 'hope, "imagine (= think) know, 'presume (= suppose), "realize, 'recognize, 'recollect, "regard, 'see (= under­stand), "see through, "suppose, "suspect, "(can't) tell 'think (= believe), understand, "wonder

38.3 Wants and preferences (1 want', etc.):

desire, fancy, need, prefer, require, want, wish

38.4 Perception and the senses: e g
'catch (= understand), (can) 'distinguish, (can)
"hear, (can) make out, notice, "observe, perceive,
(can) 'see, (can) "smell, (can) 'taste

38.5 Being, seeming, having, owning, etc.:

add up (= make sense), (can) afford, 'appear (= seem), belong, belong to, "chance, come about, come from (your place of origin), comprise, (it) concern, consist of, constitute, contain, 'correspond to/with, 'cost, "count, "depend, deserve, differ from, equal, "exceed, excel in, "feel, 'fit, happen to, have/have got [> 10 27], "hold(= contain), "(it) include, "(it) involve, keep -ing, know sby, "lack, 'look (= appear), (it) matter, (it) mean, "measure merit 'number (= reach total), own, possess, "prove "(it) read, "represent, resemble, (it) result from, (it) say, seem, signify, "(it) smell (of), "(it) sound (= seem) "(it) stand for, (it) suit (= be suitable) "(it) taste (of), "tend 'weigh

Appendix 39 [> 9.13-14,9.22,12.3 n 1 ] Some common regular verbs

Key bold = spelling change from base form

39.1 Pronounced / d / in the past: e g
'b' bribed, described, robbed, rubbed
'g' begged, dragged, plugged, tugged
'ng banged, belonged, longed
'nge' arranged, changed, exchanged
'dge' damaged, emerged, judged, managed
'I called, filled, pulled, smiled, travelled

'm assumed, claimed, combed
'n cleaned, explained, listened, opened

vowel + 'r' answered, appeared, dared
V arrived, lived, loved, moved, proved

'z accused, closed, excused, refused

Appendix 40

creep cut deal dig dive do5 draw6 dream drink drive dwell eat8 fall9 feed feel fight find flee fling fly forbid forget

crept cut dealt dug dived (dove AmE) did drew dreamt/dreamed drank drove dwelt/dwelled ate fell fed felt fought found fled flung flew forbade forgot

'th' bathed, lathed 'ay' delayed, obeyed, played, weighed 'ee' agreed, freed, guaranteed 'oy' annoyed, destroyed, employed, enjoyed 'cry' cried, denied, dried, fried, qualified, replied, satisfied, terrified, tried 'bury buried, carried, hurried, married, worried 'o/ow' borrowed, followed, showed, videoed 'ue' argued, continued, rescued, reviewed 39.2 Pronounced /1 / in the past: e g /k/ asked, joked, liked, locked, looked, picked, talked, thanked, walked, worked /s/ addressed, crossed, danced, discussed, faced, guessed, missed /ʧ/ matched, reached, switched, touched /ʃ/ crashed, finished, pushed, washed / f / coughed, laughed, stuffed Ip/ camped, developed, dropped, helped, hoped, jumped, shopped, stopped I x l axed, boxed, foxed, relaxed, waxed 39.3 Pronounced / id/ in the past: e g base form ending in / d / added, afforded, attended, avoided, decided, ended, handed, included, mended, minded, needed, provided, reminded, skidded base form ending in /(/ admitted, attempted, collected, completed, counted, dated, educated, excited, expected, greeted, hated, insisted, invited, lifted, painted, posted, printed, rested, shouted, started, tasted, visited, waited, wanted, wasted Appendix 40 [> 9.14.1, 9. 15,9.22, 12.3n1, 12.11n1] Some common irregular verbs

verb arise awake be bear beat

past tense

arose

awoke

was/were

bore

beat

become became
begin began

bend bent

bet bet/betted

bid (money) bid

bind bite bleed blow break breed bring build burn burst bust buy cast2 catch choose cling come3 cost4

bound

bit

bled

blew

broke

bred

brought

built

burned/burnt

burst

bust/busted

bought

cast

caught

chose

clung

came

cost

past participle

arisen

awoken

been

borne, born¹

beaten

become

begun

bent

bet/betted

bid

bound

bitten/bit

bled

blown

broken

bred

brought

built

burned/burnt

burst

bust/busted

bought

cast

caught

chosen

clung

come

cost

forgive forgave

forsake forsook

freeze froze

get got

give gave

go¹⁰ went

grind ground

grow¹¹ grew

hang¹² hung/hanged

have had

hear¹³ heard /

hew hewed

hide hid

hit hit

hold¹⁴ held

hurt hurt

keep kept

kneel knelt/kneeled

kmf⁵ knit/knitted

know knew

lay¹⁶ laid

lead¹⁷ led I led /

lean leant/leaned

leap leapt/leaped

learn learnt/learned

leave left

lend lent

let let

lie¹⁹ (lie down) lay

light lit/lighted

lose lost

make²⁰ made

meet mow pay21 prove put quit read22 rid ride23 ring rise

met mowed paid proved put quit/quitted read rid/ridded rode rang rose

mean /mi:n / meant /ment/

crept cut dealt dug dived done drawn dreamt/dreamed

drunk⁷

driven

dwelt/dwelled

eaten

fallen

fed

felt

fought

found

fled

flung

flown

forbidden

forgotten

forgiven

forsaken

frozen

got [gotten AmE)

given

gone

ground

grown

hung/hanged

had

heard

hewn/hewed

hidden/hid

hit

held

hurt

kept

knelt/kneeled

knit/knitted

known

laid

led

leant/leaned

leapt/leaped

learnt/learned¹⁸

left

lent

let

lam

lit/lighted

lost

made

meant I ment/

met

mown/mowed

paid

proved, proven

put

quit/quitted

read

rid/ridded

ridden

rung

risen

Appendix 40

run24 saw say /sei/ see25 seek sell26 send set27 sew shake shear shed shine28 shoot29 show shrink shut sing sink sit slay sleep32 slide sling slink slit smell sow speak speed spell33 spend34 spill spin spit split spoil spread spring stand35 steal stick sting stink strew stride strike string strive swear

swore sweep swept swell swelled swim swam swing swung take37 took teach taught tear tore tell38 told think thought throw39 threw thrust thrust tread trod understand40 understood wake woke/waked

wear

weave

ran

sawed

said /sed/

saw

sought

sold

sent

set

sewed

shook

sheared

shed

shone

shot

showed

shrank/shrunk

shut

sang

sank

sat

slew

slept

slid

slung

slunk

slit

smelt/smelled

sowed

spoke

sped/speeded spelt/spelled spent

spilt/spilled

spun/span

spat (spit AmE)

split

spoilt/spoiled

spread

sprang/sprung stood

stole

stuck

stung

stank/stunk

strewed

strode

struck

strung

wore

wove

strove/stnved

run

sawn/sawed

saidlsed/

seen

sought

sold

sent

set

sewn/sewed

shaken

shorn/sheared

shed

shone

shot

shown/showed

shrunk³⁰

shut sung sunk³'

sat

slain

slept

slid

slung

slunk

slit

smelt/smelled

sown/sowed

spoken

sped/speeded

spelt/spelled

spent

spilt/spilled

spun

spat split

spoilt/spoiled spread

sprung stood stolen stuck stung stunk

strewn/strewed stridden

struck³⁶

strung stnven/stnved sworn swept

swollen/swelled swum swung taken taught torn told

thought thrown thrust

trodden/trod understood woken/waked

worn

woven

wed weep wet win wind4' wring write42

wed/wedded wept wet/wetted won wound wrung wrote

wed/wedded wept

wet/wetted won wound wrung written

1 Also forbear overbear She s borne ten sons I was born in 1960

2 Also broadcast forecast miscast recast

3 Also overcome compare become

4 Note regular verb cost I ve costed the work

5 Also outdo overdo redo underdo undo

6 Also overdraw, withdraw

7 Note the ad|ective drunken a drunken man

8 Also overeat

9 Also befall Note regular verb fell We ve felled that tree

10 A l s o forego undergo

1 1 A l s o outgrow, overgrow

12 A l s o overhang, overhung overhung Note hanged (= put to death)

13 A l s o overhear mishear rehear Note hear /his I and heard I hə:d /

14 A l s o behold, uphold withhold

15 N o t e knit (= make from wool) is regular

16 A l s o inlay mislay relay waylay Note the present, lay (laid, laid) should not be confused with the past of lie (lay, lam)

17 A l s o mislead Compare pronunciation of lead llv.d/ (verb) and lead /led/ (noun)

18Note the adjective learned /lə:nid / [> 6 14]

19 Note lie (lied lied) (regular) (= tell a lie)

20 Also remake unmake

2 1 A l s o overpay repay underpay
Note spelling of paid laid, compare played

22 Also misread, re-read Note the pronunciation of the present read I ri:d / and the past read /red/

23 Also override

24 Also outrun overrun, re-run

25 Also foresee oversee Compare see, saw, seen and saw sawed sawn/sawed

26 Also outsell, resell undersell

27 Also beset, reset, upset

28 Also outshine Shine (= polish), can be regular, especially in AmE

29 Also overshoot

30 Compare the adjective shrunken

31 Compare sunken a sunken ship

32 Also oversleep

33 Also misspell

34 Also overspend, underspend

35 Also withstand, compare understand

36 Compare awestruck, poverty-stricken

37 Also betake, mistake overtake retake undertake

38 A l s o foretell retell

39 Also overthrow

40 Also misunderstand
4 1 A l s o rewind, unwind

Note regular verbs wind [wind] was winded by the blow wound I wʊnd / He was wounded in the war 42 Also rewrite, underwrite

Appendix 41 - 43

Appendix 41 [>10.11]

Some words which combine with 'be' to describe temporary behaviour

41.1 Adjectives (He's being naughty) amusing, awful, babyish, bad (= naughty), boring, brave, careful, careless, cautious, childish, critical, daring, difficult, extravagant, foolish, frank, friendly, funny, greedy, helpful, idiotic, impatient, impossible, ironic, just (= fair), kind, lazy, mean, naive, nasty, naughty, nice, obedient, obliging, odd, patient, peculiar, pedantic, polite, practical, rough, rude, sensible, silly, sincere, snobbish, stupid, tactful, tedious, tiresome, tiring, ungrateful, unpleasant, vain, wasteful

41.2 Nouns (He's being a baby) a baby, a bore, a brute, a bully, a coward, a darling, a devil, a fool, a (good) friend, hell, an idiot, a liar, a miser, a nuisance, a problem, a show-off, a silly, a snob, a threat, a worry.

Appendix 42 t> 3.28.2,10.37]

'Have', 'give', 'take': some common combinations

42.1 'Have' + noun

42.1.1 Eating/drinking (Have breakfast/a drink) breakfast/lunch/tea/supper/dinner, a meal, a snack, a drink, a/some coffee, a sandwich

42.1.2 Rest/sleep {Have a rest) a rest/a sleep/a lie-down/a nap, a day off, a holiday, a dream, a nightmare

42.1.3 Washing, etc (Have a bath) a bath/a wash/a shower, a shave, a haircut/a shampoo/a set/a perm/a tint, a massage.

42.1.4 Appointments, etc (Have a date) an appointment, a date, an interview, a meeting, a lesson, a game, a break, a good time, fun, a nice day, a ride, a walk [> 10 38].

42.1.5 Travel (Have a trip) a trip, a drive, a lift, a good journey/flight

42.1.6 The weather (We had some/a lot of rain) good/bad weather, rain, fog, a lovely day

42.1.7 Illnesses/medical (Have a cold) a cold, a cough, a headache, a temperature, flu, measles, a pain, a baby, a breakdown.

42.1.8 Personal qualities (Have a bad temper) a bad temper, (no) brains, a cheek, an eye tor, green fingers, guts, no conscience, sense, a sense of humour, a sweet tooth

42.1.9 Relationships, opportunities, etc an advantage, an affair, an argument, a chat, a choice, difficulty, a discussion, an effect, a guess, a hand in, influence, luck, a nerve, no business, the/an opportunity, a problem, a reason, a row, sex, a talk, the time

42.1.10 Emotional/mental states, reactions
a brainwave, a clue, cold feet, have had
enough, a feeling, a fit, an idea that, the
faintest idea, a good laugh (about something),
a lot to be grateful for, a lot to put up with, a
mind to, an opinion, a plan, a point of view,
second thoughts, a shock, a suggestion

42.2 'Give' + noun (Give advice)

42.2.1 'Give' (somebody) + noun advice/information/news, an answer, one's attention, a bath, a call/a ring, a chance, a description, an explanation, a guess, help, a kiss, a lead, lessons, a lift, an opportunity, permission, the sack, a shock, a surprise, the time, trouble, a warning, a welcome.

42.2.2 A few verb phrases with 'give' give birth to, give evidence (in court), give the game away (= reveal a secret), give heed to, give the lie to, give one's life for, give a party/a dance, give place to, give a shout, give thanks for, give thought to, give way (= collapse), give way to (= allow to go first).

42.3 'Take' + noun (Take action)
action, advice, aim (at), a bath/a shower, to
one's bed, something to bits, a break, care,
the chair (at a meeting), charge of, a class,
courage, somebody to court, a decision,
effect, an exam, exception to (= disapprove),
fright, heart (from something), a/the hint, a
holiday, a pke, liberties, a look, one's
medicine, note of, offence, the opportunity to,
pains to, part in, a photograph, pity, place (=
happen), possession of, pride in, a rest, risks,
root, a seat, shape, the strain, a turn, a walk.

Appendix 43 [> 10.45]

'Do' and 'make': some common combinations

43.1 Some combinations with 'do': e.g.

43.1.1 As in Do (somebody) a favour, damage, good, no good, harm, no harm, an injury, justice, a kindness, a service

43.1.2 (= be engaged in an activity) business, a deal (with), one's duty, a job, something for a living, one's job/work + household tasks: the cooking, the gardening, the ironing, the shopping, the washing, the washing-up + places the sights, Rome (in a day) + speed, distance This car does 100 miles an hour, thirty miles to the gallon + subjects, etc.: Art, French, an experiment, one's homework, a lesson, research. = arrange, clean, etc. the beds, the flowers, the kitchen, one's hair, one's nails, one's teeth

43.2 Some combinations with 'make': e g.
an accusation, an agreement, an apology, an
application, an attempt, a bargain, a bed, a
(phone) call, a change, a choice, a claim, a
comment, a contribution, a criticism, a
decision, a deduction, a demand, a discovery,
an effort (to), an escape, an excuse, a fortune,
a guess, a habit of something, history, an
impression, an inquiry, a journey, a law, a loss,
love, a mess, a mistake, money, a move (=
start to go), a name for oneself, a noise, an
offer, a profit, progress, a promise, a proposal,
a record, a reference, a remark, a report, a
request, room (for), rules, sense (of), a start,
a success of, a trip, trouble, use of, war,
one's way to a place (= go there), a will

Appendix 44

Appendix 44 [>1.23-24,4.13,11.75.3,

15.6, 16.27-28]

Some adjectival combinations

Key:

I'm personal subject:

He's able to drive

I'm afraid (that) he's out

I'm busy cleaning the house It's' preparatory 'it':

It's advisable to book in advance

It's likely (that) he'll arrive tomorrow I'm/It's, personal subject or preparatory 'it'

He's kind to help.

It's kind (of him) to help

IS). that-clause with should' + verb:

It's advisable that he should phone

or subjunctive [> 11.75.1]

It's advisable that he keep in touch

or' present/past tense:

It's advisable that he keeps in touch. (sh). that-clause often with 'should', but not with subjunctive: It's odd (that) you should say that. that not usually omitted in t hat-clause: It's cruel that he should be punished

adjective fo-infinitive (that) '-ing'

able/unable I'm

absurd I'm/It's */f's(sh) I'm/It's

advisable It's */f's(S)

afraid I'm I'm

alarmed¹ I'm I'm (sh)

alarming' It's "It's (sh)

angry I'm "I'm (sh)

anxious I'm "I'm (S)

ashamed I'm I'm (sh)

aware² - I'm

awful I'm/It's It's (sh) I'm/It's

bad I'm/It's 'It's (sh) It's

better/best It's It's (S) It's

brave I'm/It's - I'm/It's

busy - - I'm

careful I'm "I'm (sh) I'm

careless I'm/It's - I'm/It's

certain³ I'm/It's I'm/It's

cheap It's - It's

clear⁴ - 'I'm/It's

clever I'm/It's - I'm/It's

content I'm "I'm (sh) I'm

cruel I'm/It's "It's (sh) I'm/It's

dangerous It's - It's

determined I'm I'm (S)

difficult I'm/It's - It's

due I'm

eager I'm 'I'm (S)

easy I'm/It's - It's

enpyable It's - It's

enough It's "It's (sh)

essential It's 'It's (S)

expensive It's - It's

fair I'm/It's "It's (sh) -

first, etc I'm

fit I'm

foolish I'm/It's - I'm/It's

fortunate I'm It's (sh) I'm/It's

free I'm/It's

adjective to-infinitive (that) '-ing'

friendly I'm/It's - I'rn/lt's

funny⁵ I'm/It's It's (sh) I' m/lt's

glad I'm I'm

good I'm/It's ' It s I'm/It's

no good - - It's

grateful I'm "I'm

great It's It's It's

happy I'm I'm I'm

hard (= difficult) It's/I'm - It's

(= unfair) - *It''s (sh) it's

helpful I'm/It's It's It's

(dis)honest I'm/It's - I'm/It's

hopeful - I'm

hopeless It's - It's

horrible I'm/It's *ft's(sh) /'m//t's

important⁶ It's It's (S)

just I'm/It's 'It's (S)

keen I'm "I'm (S)

(un)kind I'm/It's - I'm/It's

last I'm

liable I'm

(un)likely I'm It's

lovely It's "It's It's

(un)lucky I'm/It's I'm/It's I'm/It's

(un)natural It's It's (sh)

(un)necessary It's "It's (S)

nice I'm/It's "It's I'm/It's

obliged I'm

obvious - It's

odd I'm/It's It's (sh) I'm/It's

pleasant It's 'It's (sh) It's

pointless It's - It's

(im)polite I'm/It's

(im)possible It's 'It's

prepared I'm

quick I'm - I'm/It's

ready I'm

right I'm/It's "lt's(S)

rude I'm/It's - I'm/It's

sad I'm/It's I'm/It's (sh) I'm/It's

safe I'm/It's - I'm/It's

silly I'm/It's 'It's (sh) I'm/It's

slow I'm - I'm/It's

sorry I'm I'm (sh)

strange I'm/It's It's I'm/It's

stupid I'm/It's - I'm/It's

sure {= likely) I'm

(= certain⁷) - I'm

thankful I'm I'm

(un)true It's It's

useful/less It's - It's

vital It's 'It's (S)

(un)wise I'm/It's - It's

worth - - It's

wrong I'm/It's 'It's (sh) I'm/It's

1 Also adiectival participles [> App 10]

2 Also aware how to, when to, etc

3 Also (not) certain whether/wh- to; (not) certain whether/wh-+ clause

4 Also (not) clear whether to, (not) clear whether/wh- + clause

5 Also funny when, where, etc + clause

6 Also not important whether/wh- + clause

7 Also (not) sure whether/wh- to, (not) sure whether/wh-+ clause

Appendix 45 - 46

Appendix 45 [> 1.23.2, n 75,

1 5.3/5/6/1 6/18/20/24, 1 6 22]

Some reporting verbs

45.1 Some reporting verbs (1) Key:

that = that is not usually omitted

(sby) = optional personal object before clause

He warned (me) that I'd better go Q = verb may be followed by question

clauses

He asked when I would be ready if = verb can be followed by /for whether

He asked if/whether Jim had arrived * = verb can report direct speech in

writing with inversion usually possible

'I'm ready,' John said/said John
accept that fancy (= imagine)

acknowledge that fear

'add that feel (= think)

'admit Q find out, Q, if/whether

advertise that follow it follows that

affirm that forecast that/Q

'agree Q (if/whether) forget Q if/whether
allege that gather, Q, if/whether

allow (= admit) that guess, Q, if/whether
'announce happen it that

'answer that hope

appear it appears imagine (= think), Q

appreciate that imply that

"argue that, about Q indicate that, Q
'ask (sby) if/whether, Q "inquire if/whether/Q
assert that know, Q if/whether

assume learn, Q, if/whether

believe look it looks as if

I bet (= I'm sure) maintain

"boast, about Q matter that, if/wh/Q

(not) care if/whether, Q mean
'caution (sby) mind if/whether

certify that note that, Q

chance it chanced that notice, Q, if/whether
charge that observe that (= say)

check that, if/whether, Q plan Q
choose Q, whether 'point out, Q

claim 'predict that/Q

'complain pretend

"conclude "promise (sby)

"confess, Q whether prove, Q, whether
confirm that, Q whether question (sby) Q only
consider, Q realize Q

(l)daresay (present only) record that/Q/if
decide, Q, if/whether regret
'declare 'remark (= say) that

deny "repeat that

depend on whether/Q "reply that
describe Q only 'report that, Q

disagree that 'respond that

discuss Q, whether only 'say, Q, if/whether
doubt, if/whether see, if/Q

dream that show that Q.if

emphasize that, Q 'state that, Q

ensure that 'suggest, Q

estimate that, Q suppose

"exclaim that suspect, Q

expect teach that, Q/whether

"explain, Q, whether (not) tell if/whether/Q

'think, Q, whether "warn (sby)

understand, Q if/whether wish
vote that wonder it/whether/Q

'want to know that if/Q write (sby) that