Grammatical transformations in translation

Any attempt at word-for-word (literal) translation (apart from very simple and short sentences) is doomed to failure. In the course of translation, it is always necessary to perform various grammatical and lexical changes of transformations to achieve translational equivalence. These transformations can be divided into four types: (1) transpositions: (2) replacements: (3) additions; (4) omissions. It should be borne in mind, however, that this classification is, to a great extent, arbitrary and that in practice it is hardly possible to find these elementary transformations in their "pure form": in most cases they are combined with one another, so that we observe is a combined use of more than one type of transformation.