Typology of Adverbial Complements/Parts of the Sentence

Adverbial parts of the sentence in the contrasted languages have most features in common. Their use in the sentence/word-group is predetermined by a concrete need to characterise the action, process or state from the viewpoint of manner, time, place, purpose, measure or degree of its preceding. Adverbial complements/modifiers in the contrasted languages refer either to a part of the sentence (usually predicate) or to the sentence as a whole. They may be obligatory or non-360

obligatory, i.e. optional. Obligatory adverbials/complements are required by the sentence structure to complete its content. They are used after the predicate verbs to act/to behave, to be, to cost and to treat, which have lexical equivalents in Ukrainian — діяти/поступати, опинятися, перебувати, коштувати, ставитися, вести себе. It costs a pretty penny. (London) Це коштувало б занадто багато жертв. (Гончар)

Apart from the aforementioned verbs there are some other common groups of verbs in the contrasted languages after which the use of adverbials is obligatory. They are as follows: a) statal and durative verbs (to dwell, to live, to wait, to last, etc.); b) verbs implying direction (to take, to put, to send); c) verbs of motion and position in space (to arrive, to come, to go, to return, to sit, to stand, etc.).

Optional (non-obligatory) adverbials in all languages are not required by the predicate verb. Hence, they are not so important either for the structural completion of the sentence, or for its semantic completion and communicative functioning. For example:

Slowly, Jolyon got up out of the chair. Джоліон повільно підвівся зі свого (Galsworthy) крісла.

"In fact I though you were rather short "Справді, я подумав, що ви дуже with the young person." (Maugham) швидко обійшлися з цією молодою

особою."

The pointed out elements in both sentences above can be omitted without ruining the structure or changing the content of the sentence (cf. Jolyon got up out of the chair. I thought you were rather short with the young person).

Omission of obligatory complements or adjuncts is naturally impossible in utterances of both contrasted languages without changing the content of the sense units (and sometimes even ruining their syntactic structure).