Evaluate the unity and specify the differences between philosophy and science as two forms of rationality

Science and philosophy based on mind. They are rational. Science deals with cognition when, as philosophy is engaged in understanding. The purpose of philosophy is thought and purpose of science is evidence.

Science and philosophy reflect the world in the form of concepts of laws and principles.

The unity of the origin of philosophy and science, philosophical, ideological, scientific and theoretical knowledge is not in doubt. Philosophy and science as "links in a single chain" in the direction of the human intellect to comprehend the basics of life, in the sphere of natural philosophy, cosmology, ontology coincide with each other.

Philosophy is not a science of all sciences, ie it is not necessary over the private disciplines, as well as it can not be one of the special sciences among others.

But philosophy, unlike science, it makes a universal judgment and strives to reveal the metaphysical laws of the whole world as a whole. Another difference from the philosophy of science is that science has traditionally been abstracted from the problem of values ​​and from making value judgments. She seeks the truth - that there is in the things themselves, not wanting to talk, good or bad is the fact that it finds. In other words, science is responsible mainly on the questions of "why?", "How?" And "What for?", But prefers not to ask metaphysical questions such as "why?"

Can philosophy develop by itself, without the support of science? Can science "work" without philosophy? Some people think that the sciences can stand apart from philosophy, that the scientist should actually avoid philosophising, the latter often being understood as groundless and generally vague theorising. If the term philosophy is given such a poor interpretation, then of course anyone would agree with the warning "Physics, beware of metaphysics!" But no such warning applies to philosophy in the higher sense of the term. The specific sciences cannot and should not break their connections with true philosophy.

Science and philosophy have always learned from each other. Philosophy tirelessly draws from scientific discoveries fresh strength, material for broad generalisations, while to the sciences it imparts the world-view and methodological im pulses of its universal principles. Many general guiding ideas that lie at the foundation of modern science were first enunciated by the perceptive force of philosophical thought. One example is the idea of the atomic structure of things voiced by Democritus. Certain conjectures about natural selection were made in ancient times by the philosopher Lucretius and later by the French thinker Diderot. Hypothetically he anticipated what became a scientific fact two centuries later. We may also recall the Cartesian reflex and the philosopher's proposition on the conservation of motion in the universe. On the general philosophical plane Spinoza gave grounds for the universal principle of determinism. The idea of the existence of molecules as complex particles consisting of atoms was developed in the works of the French philosopher Pierre Gassendi and also Russia's Mikhail Lomonosov. Philosophy nurtured the hypothesis of the cellular structure of animal and vegetable organisms and formulated the idea of the development and universal connection of phenomena and the principle of the material unity of the world.

10. Expand the concept "quantifier of existence".

Quantifier of existence (existential quantifier) in predicate logic - the predicate property or relation to at least one of the domain element. Is denoted by a logical operator ∃ (pronounced "exists" or "for some"). Quantifier of existence must be distinguished from the universal quantifier, claiming that the said property or relation holds for all elements of the field.

The hallmark of scientific knowledge over the other, nonscientific - it is his theoretical and immediate link with the experience through which it is checked for truth or falsity. The purpose of science is related to the acquisition of new, reliable knowledge about reality, which describe, explain or predict its processes and phenomena.

Besides research, there are other forms of knowledge and cognition, which do not fit the criteria of scientific character. Ordinary, religious, artistic, imaginative, playing and mythological knowledge. In addition to the nonscientific forms of knowledge are also included magic, alchemy, astrology, parapsychology, mystical and esoteric knowledge, the so-called "occult sciences", etc. This means that the theory of knowledge can not be limited only to the analysis of scientific knowledge, and should explore and all his other diverse forms that go beyond science and criteria of scientific knowledge.