2018-02-13
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4. Make up 10 special questions to the text.
5. Translate the following text into English:
Хлор – досить поширений елемент. Він становить 0,04% маси земної кори. У вільному стані в природі він не зустрічається, оскільки в хімічному відношенні хлор дуже активний. Найбільш поширеною природною сполукою хлору є хлорид натрію NaCl, величезні кількості якого розчинені у воді морів, океанів і деяких озер. У багатьох місцях хлорид натрію у вигляді мінералу галіту або кам'яної солі (rock salt) утворює потужні поклади (deposits).
Вперше хлор був отриманий у 1772 шведським хіміком К. Шеєле. Учений описав виділення хлору при взаємодії з соляною кислотою у своєму трактаті (treatise). Шеєле відзначив запах хлору, схожий із запахом царської води, його здатність взаємодіяти з золотом, а також його відбілюючі властивості. Однак Шеєле, відповідно до пануючої тоді в хімії теорії, припустив (to suppose), що хлор є оксидом соляної кислоти (hydrochloric acid).
Бертолле та Лавуазьє припустили, що хлор є оксидом елемента мурія, однак спроби його виділення залишалися марними аж до часу робіт Деві, якому електролізом вдалося розкласти кухонну сіль на натрій і хлор.
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ТЕХТ 19
PETROLEUM
Learn the new vocabulary:
| residual | залишковий |
| lubricating | змащувальний |
| crude | сирий, необроблений |
| to secure | одержувати, добувати |
| to pump | качати, викачувати |
| well | свердловина, шахта |
| opaque | непрозорий |
| impurities | домішки, бруд |
| minute quantity | незначна кількість |
| joining | з’єднання |
| to upgrade | покращувати, вдосконалювати |
| rating | норма, частка |
1. Read and translate the text:
Petroleum products, such as gasoline, kerosene, home heating oil, residual fuel oil, and lubricating oils, come from one source — crude oil found below the Earth's surface, as well as under large bodies of water, from a few hundred feet below the surface to as deep as 25,000 feet into the Earth's interior. Sometimes crude oil is secured by drilling a hole through the Earth, but more dry holes are drilled than those producing oil. Pressure at the source or pumping forces crude oil to the surface.
Crude oil wells flow at varying rates, from ten to thousands of barrels per hour. Petroleum products are always measured in 42-gallon barrels.
Petroleum products vary in physical appearance: thin, thick, transparent or opaque, but regardless, their chemical composition is made up of only two elements: carbon and hydrogen, which form compounds called hydrocarbons. Other chemical elements found in union with hydrocarbons are few and are classified as impurities. Trace elements are also found, but these are such minute quantities that they are disregarded. The combination of carbon and hydrogen forms many thousands of compounds which are possible because of the various positions and joining of these two atoms in the hydrocarbon molecule.
The various petroleum products are refined from the crude oil by heating and condensing the vapors. These products are the so-called light oils, such as gasoline, kerosene, and distillate oil. The residue remaining after the light oils are distilled is known as heavy or residual fuel oil and is used mostly for burning under boilers. Additional complicated refining processes rearrange the chemical structure of the hydrocarbons to produce other products, some of which are used to upgrade and increase the octane rating of various types of gasoline.
Which of the following is not true?
a) Crude oil is found below land and water;
b) Crude oil is always found a few hundred feet below the surface;
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c) Pumping and pressure force crude oil to the surface;
d) A variety of petroleum products is obtained from crude oil.
Many thousands of hydrocarbons compounds are possible because...
a) The petroleum products vary greatly in physical appearance;
b) Complicated refining processes rearrange the chemical structure;
c) The two atoms in the molecule assume many positions;
d) The pressure needed to force oil to the surface causes molecular transformation.
Which of the following is true?
a) The various petroleum products are produced by filtration;
b) Heating and condensation produce the various products;
c) Chemical separation is used to produce the various products;
d) Mechanical means such as the centrifuge are used to produce the various products.
5. Crude oil is brought to the surface by…
a) Expansion of hydrocarbons;
b) Pressure and pumping;
c) Vacuum created in the drilling pipe;
d) Expansion and contraction of the Earth's surface.
Which of the following is not listed as a light oil?
a) distillate oil c) lubricating oil
b) gasoline d) kerosene
7. Translate the text into English:
Бензи́н — природна або штучно одержана суміш вуглеводнів (hydrocarbon) різної будови, які киплять (to boil) найчастіше між 40°C і 205°C. Бензин — рухлива (active), горюча (combustible) здебільшого безколірна рідина з характерним (typical) запахом, легко випаровується, утворює з повітрям у певних концентраціях вибухові (explosive) суміші. Більшість бензинів замерзає при температурі нижче -60°C. Близько 90 % бензинів добувають з нафти.
Бензин використовують як моторне паливо, розчинник для жирів, каучуку, смол (resin), у медицині тощо. Пара (vapour) його отруйна, тому під час роботи в приміщеннях, де є пара бензинів, треба вживати запобіжних (protective) заходів.
8. Translate the following sentences into Ukrainian:
1. Petroleum products are useful materials derived from crude oil
2. Gasoline (US) or petrol (UK) is a petroleum-derived liquid mixture which is used as a fuel in engines.
3. Gasoline is also used as a solvent, mainly known for its ability to dilute paints.
4. According to crude oil composition and demand, refineries can produce different shares of petroleum products.
5. Refineries also produce other chemicals, some of which are used in chemical processes to produce plastics and other useful materials.
TEXT 20
BIOSPHERE
Learn the new vocabulary:
| to include | охоплювати, включати |
| to capture | захоплювати, привертати |
| core concept | основна ідея (поняття) |
| cycling | цикл, кругообіг |
| totality of biodiversity | повне біологічне різноманіття |
| decomposition | розпад, гниття |
| new approach | новий підхід |
| to exceed | перевищувати, перевершувати |
| to precede | передувати, бути попереду |
| envelope / to envelope | оболонка / огортати |
| to undergo | зазнавати, переносити |
1. Read and translate the following text:
The biosphere is the biological component of earth systems, which also include the lithosphere, hydrosphere, atmosphere and other "spheres" (e.g. cryosphere, anthrosphere, etc.). The biosphere includes all living organisms on earth, together with the dead organic matter produced by them.
The biosphere is dynamic, undergoing strong seasonal cycles in primary productivity and the many biological processes driven by the energy captured by photosynthesis.
The biosphere concept is common to many scientific disciplines including astronomy, geophysics, geology, hydrology, biogeography and evolution, and is a core concept in ecology, earth science and physical geography. A key component of earth systems, the biosphere interacts with and exchanges matter and energy with the other spheres, helping to drive the global biogeochemical cycling of carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, sulfur and other elements. From an ecological point of view, the biosphere is the "global ecosystem", comprising the totality of biodiversity on earth and performing all manner of biological functions, including photosynthesis, respiration, decomposition, nitrogen fixation and denitrification.
The idea of the biosphere was introduced into science almost century ago by the Austrian geologist Eduard Suess, who was the first to use the term in a discussion of the various envelopes of the Earth in his book published in 1875. The concept played little part in scientific thought until the publication in 1926 of two lectures by the Russia mineralogist Vladimir Ivanovich Vernadsky. It is essentially Vernadsky's concept that we use today.
The necessity to quite a new approach to the biosphere was realized by Vernadsky as early as the mid-forties. According to him man has become a geological and biological factor by far exceeding everything that preceded him throughout evolution, the rate of his intervention in nature steadily increasing.
Yet it was with optimism that he looked ahead when he wrote: "I think we undergo not only a historical but also a planetary change as well. We live in a transition to the noosphere." By "noosphere" Vernadsky meant the envelope of mind that was to supersede the biosphere, the envelope of life.
2. Divide the text into logical parts, entitle them.
