Основные различия в типах произношения, ориентированных на Англию и на Северную Америку: согласные и гласные, словесное ударение

ТЕОР ФОНЕТИКА

Роль фонетики и фонологии в межкультурной коммуникации на английском языке для разборчивости речи (intelligibility) и для понимания намерения говорящего (interpretability).

We process information by categorizing our linguistic experience. We perceive sounds and groups of them into categories as the same or different. Speech intelligibility rests mainly on the pronunciation of vowels and consonants, although stress is also relevant for word recognition and comprehension. In this context phonetics (articulation, acoustics and perception) and phonology (how sounds are structured and categorized according to their distinctive features) are important.

Word recognition depends on the pronunciation: word stress; vowels in strong syllables and consonants
Understanding the intention depends onintonation: voice quality or timbre; pitch change (tones, focus); rhythm, pauses, accents, tempo

There are several features which are important for understanding English during communication:

1.inteligibility (разборчивость)

2.comprehension (восприятие на слух)

3.interpretability (понимание+интерпретация)

People try to sound better because they want to be understood and to improve their social image. However, a person feels better when you speak the way he does. Therefore, it often comes to convergence (схождение) – when your accent becomes similar to the way the other person sounds. The same way divergence (расхождение) can also take place depending on the social context and the aim of the speaker.

 

Моделинациональныхвариантовпроизношенияанглийскогоязыкавсовременноммиревзависимостиотисторико-географического и социального контекста: нормообразующие (norm-providing), норморазвивающие (norm-developing) и нормозависимые (norm-dependent) страны.

There is a number of models reflecting how and where different national varieties originated from.

MODEL 1 is the so-called HISTORICAL VERTICAL MODEL (Bauer) which reminds of the evolution theory.

National varieties of English originating from Middle English:

USA    

Canada

 

England

Australia

New Zealand   

Scotland

 

 

BUT: Bauer admits that this model does not show how the language is influenced and is outdate

MODEL 2 CONCENTRIC CIRCLES (Kachru) reminds of the circles appearing on the water surface

(я не могу нормально вставить фигуру, так что просто распишу, но вы представьте, что здесь нарисованы кружочки внутри друг друга, и мы идем от ядра к периферии)

a) INNER CICRLE (UK,US): English is the first language of the majority of population and it is a pattern for education, thus, these countries are norm-providing

b) OUTER CIRCLE (India, Nigeria, Singapore): English is the second language, the so-called postcolonial (either official or semi-official), thus, such countries are norm-developing

c) EXPANDING CIRCLE (China, Russia, Brazil): English is the most popular foreign language according to the system of education; people here need dictionaries to follow the norm, thus, the countries of the expanding circle are norm-dependent

MODEL 3 OVERLAPPING CIRCLES (Low,2010) reflects possibilities of language contacts between speakers during communication

MODEL 4 NETWORK CONTRASTS (Thomas, 2011) reflects also different various horizontal connections between variants which gives way to language interference, mutual influence at different stages of development
(тутрисуночекбудеттакой: еслираньшеэтопредставлялосьввидедерева, гдевосновномпредставленысвязивертикальные, тотутэтобудетпохоженанеровнуюсеточку, гдемногогоризонтальныхсвязей, чтовбОльшейстепениотражаетсложнуюязыковуюреальность)

 

+ The modern state of the English phonological system is influenced by inner factors and
social context in this or that country.

Factors which affected the diversity of pronunciation types in the English-speaking countries:

1) Time (when language was transplanted)

2) Regional and social background of speakers

3) Language contacts

Статус английского языка в странах «внутреннего круга» (Великобритания, США и др), в странах «внешнего круга» (Индия, Сингапур, Нигерия и др.) и в странах «расширяющегося круга» (Россия, Бразилия, Китай). Противоречие между разборчивостью речи (intelligibility) и национальной идентичностью (nationalidentity) в межкультурной коммуникации.

MODEL 2 CONCENTRIC CIRCLES (Kachru) reminds of the circles appearing on the water surface

(я не могу нормально вставить фигуру, так что просто распишу, но вы представьте, что здесь нарисованы кружочки внутри друг друга, и мы идем от ядра к периферии)

a) INNER CICRLE (UK,US): English is the first language of the majority of population and it is a pattern for education, thus, these countries are norm-providing

b) OUTER CIRCLE (India, Nigeria, Singapore): English is the second language, the so-called postcolonial (either official or semi-official), thus, such countries are norm-developing

c) EXPANDING CIRCLE (China, Russia, Brazil): English is the most popular foreign language according to the system of education; people here need dictionaries to follow the norm, thus, the countries of the expanding circle are norm-dependent

Representatives of one or another variant of the language preserve some special colouring of speech, thus, referring themselves to a certain group and expressing their identity. At the same time, the person should sound clear and understandable for the listener, and to be intelligible, he/she should still follow some common rules.

Основные различия в типах произношения, ориентированных на Англию и на Северную Америку: согласные и гласные, словесное ударение.

Most popular national standards of English are British (RP) and American one (GA). There are some differences between them at different levels.

a) Word Stress

In some disyllabic (двусложные) French borrowings the Brits tend to put stress on the first syllable while the Americans put it on the last as it was originally: ballet, café, garage, address
Suffixes –ery, -ary, -ory, -mony require tertiary (третичное) stress in America while often reduced in Britain: dictionary, necessary, ceremony
Suffixes –ize, -ise, -ate also often have tertiary stress in American English: advertise,separate
Second components of some compound words often require tertiary stress in American English as well: somebody, blueberry
Most 2-syllable verbs ending -ate have first-syllable stress in AmE and second-syllable stress in BrE: donate, migrate, narrate

b) Vowels

In the following words, for instance, British α: turns into American æ: ask, bath, class, dance, last, after
Americans tend to change common ju: to simple u: in such words as: news, tune
We also can notice the difference in the British ɔand American ʌ in the words: hot, stop, box

c) Consonants

The American English variant is called rhotic as the sound [r] is often preserved (compare Bird /be:d/ /be:rd/)
Americans tend to change common ju: to simple u: in such words as: news, tune (влекцииэтипримерызаписанывсогласные)
In the following examples British z turns into American s: diagnose, erase, usage
In the word ‘schedule’ the British variant is /ʃ/ while American is sk

d) Intonation: because of numerous popular Australian series Americans tend to be up-speakers