2018-02-14
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A Check he comprehension of the text by choosing the answer, which you think, is correct.
1. What do continuous models range from?
-a. They range from statical systems of classical physics to the operator equations.
- b.They range from the dynamical systems of classical physics to the operator equations and path integrals of quantum mechanics.
- c.They range from mechanics to optics.
2. Does the machine have a finite number of internal states?
-a. Yes, it does.
-b. No, it doesn’t.
- c.Yes, it does. It has many internal states.
3. How many squares does a machine reading head read at a time?
-a. four;
b.- six;
-c. one.
4. What are the disasvantages of the Turing-amachine model?
-a. impossibility to use it together with continuous mathematical models.
-b. independence on the sizes of numbers.
-c. estimated running times on a Turing-machine are not predictive of scientific computations on digital computers.
5. Every possible algorithm, whether or not it is known, and all possible points at which the integrand is evaluated, are permitted to compete when we consider the least cost.
a.-Yes, it is true. It is the usual practice for information-based thechnology.
- b.No, it is not so. It is only possible when we consider the greatest cost.
- c.Algorithms and points are not permitted to compete in any case.
6. The information is partial because
a.- the integral can be recovered from the function values.
-b. the integral cannot be recovered from the shock waves.
-c. the integral cannot be recovered from he function values.
7. Continuous multivariate problems are, in the worst-case setting, typically, intractable with regard to dimension.
a.-yes, it is really so.
b.- no, the problems are intractable with regard to cost.
c.-you are mistaken. The problems are intractable with regard to value.
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8. In Monte Carlo computations, the points ti are chosen from a random distribution.
a.- you are wrong. The points ti are chosen from an ordered distribution.
-b. you are quite right. The points ti are chosen from a random distribution.
-c. no, they are not. They are chosen from a random value.
9. A problem is ill-posed if small changes in the problem’s specification can cause large changes in the solution.
a.- yes, it so. An ill-posed problem can cause large changes in the solution if there are small changes in the problem’s specification.
b.- no, you are mistaken. An ill-posed problem cannot cause large changes in the solution.
-c I’m sure, that large changes in the solution are caused by an ill-posed problem.
B Pick out from the text all the word combinations with the following words (terms) and give their Russian equivalents.
- model - finite
- computation - function
- operation - simulation
- numbers - method
- system - equation
V. Reading for Detail and Language Study
1. Find in the texts “Two models of Computation”, “Monte Carlo”.” Path Integrals the English equivalents for the following phrases:
- лента неограниченной длины
- конечное число внутренних состояний
- головка печатает символ
- вещественное число
- цифровые ЭВМ
- две модели вычисления
- метод Монте-Карло
- малая погрешность
- произвольное распределение
- мера вероятности
- квантовая теория поля
- функция начального состояния
- недостаток
- нижняя граница
2. Translate the following words and expressions:
- appropriate abstraction
- Turing-machine model
- this abstract model of computation
- foreseeable future
- balanced arguments
- information-based complexity
- the power of the theory
- divided into sequential squares
- to compute an output
- discrepancy theory
- an order of magnitude
-an ill-posed problem
3. Translate part of the text “The Curse of Dimensionality”, which is of greatest interest to you, in written form.
VI. Oral Practice
1. Answer the following questions
A (Turing-machine model-pros and cons)
1. Why is the Turing-machine attractive?
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2. In what senses is the Turing-machine universal? Explain the first and second senses.
3. What are the disadvantages of the Turing machine?
B ( Monte-Carlo)
1. Does the expected cost of the Monte Carlo method depend on “d”?
2. What does Monte Carlo computation carry?
3. What problem was solved by Wozniakowski and when?
4. Where is the point ti chosen in Monte Carlo computation?
5. What accuracies can be achieved with quasi-Monte Carlo computations?
6. Where does quasi – Monte Carlo method look promising?
C Read the text “Monte Carlo” and discuss it in the form of a dialogue, using cliché, set expressions and phrases given below.
- will you kindly answer me what you really know about …
Будьте любезны ответить, что вам известно о …
- I agree with you, but … Согласен с вами, но …
- That’s all right. Nevertheless, it is necessary to talk over the …
Всё это правильно. Тем не менее, представляется необходимым обговорить вопрос о …
Joseph Traub is the Edwin Howard
Armstrong Professor of Computer Science at
Columbia University in New York City
Х- Rays in Medicine
I. First Reading of the Text “X-Rays in Medicine”
2. Read paragraphs 1-4 quickly and try to understand what they are about and what information is of primary importance or new to you.
3. Write down the physical and medical terms, known to you, in Russian.
4. Write a list of medical terms, used in the text. Use your dictionary to check their exact meaning.
5. Find in the text sentences saying about the beginning of using x-rays to look inside the human body.
II. Scanning Reading
1. Read the text “Planar Imaging with X-rays”.
2. Arrange the points of the plan given below according to the text “Planar Imaging with x-rays”.
- energies used by clinicians for chest x-rays;
- the way of formation ordinary planar x-ray images;
- interactions which predominate in x-ray energies employed in medicine imaging;
- different kinds of resolution.
3. Pick out medical terms, which you do not know. Refer to a dictionary if necessary.
III. Vocabulary and Word Study
A Vocabulary
1. to penetrate v ['penitreit] проникать
2. radiation n излучение
3. therapeutic adj [Өerə 'pju:tik] терапевтический
4. to expand v [ik'pænd] расширять
5. fracture n [frækt∫ə] перелом, трещина, излом, разрыв
6. cancer n [kænsə] рак (болезнь)
7. tissue n [tisju:] ткань
8. biopsy n [bai'opsi] биопсия
9. cardiovascular adj [ka:diə'væskjulə] сердечно-сосудистый
10.angioplasty n [ændзiə'plæsti] пластическая операция на сосудах
11.pain relief [rili:f] ослабление боли
12.curative adj ['kjuəretiv] целительный, целебный
13.to incorporate v соединяться, объединяться; включать в состав
14.imaging визуализация, получение изображения
15.noninvasive adj [nonin'veisiv] бескровный, неинвазивный
16.ultrasound imaging n ультразвуковая акустоскопия
17.surplus n ['sə:pləs] излишек, остаток
18.electrical impedance n полное сопротивление, импеданс
19.to intensify v усиливать
20.to transmit v передавать
21.to scatter v рассеивать
22.grid n сетка
23.to expose v подвергать воздействию
24.attenuation n [ə,tenju'ei∫n] затухание, ослабление
25. interaction n взаимодействие
26.to predominate v [pri´domineit] превосходить
27.resolution разрешающая способность
28.to dominate v [domineit] преобладать; сдерживать, подавлять
29.to degrade v ухудшать
30.blur n расплывшееся пятно, неясные очертания
31.glare [glεə] ослепительный блеск, яркий свет
32.to restrict v ограничивать
33.breakthrough n [breikӨru:] прорыв
34.scanning n разложение изображения, изучение
35.a slice n тонкий слой; часть
36.to collimate v ['kolimeit] коллимировать
37.collimation n [koli'mei∫n] коллиматор
38.a pencil bleam узкий луч
39.to capture v ['kæpt∫ə] захватывать, собирать данные
40. portable adj переносной
41.flexibility n гибкость
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42.bulky громоздкий, объёмный
43.read out n считывание
44.tumor n [tju:mə] опухоль
45.tolerance n ['tolərəns] терпимость, толерантность
46.to destroy v уничтожать, разрушать
47.skin n кожа
48.gantry n [gæntri] портал; пусковая башня (косм.)
49.malignant adj [mə'lignənt] злокачественный
50.(conformal) therapy n ['Өer əpi] лечение, терапия (соответствующая)
51.convergence n [kənv'ə:dзəns] схождение в одной точке,
конвергенция
52.section imaging томограмма
53.scanning image сканограмма
Notes to the texts:
To be under investigation -рассматриваемый
B Word Study
1. Find the related nouns in the text “Sectional Imaging”
to limit to inform to collimate
to project to apply to transmit
to attenuate to introduce to collect
to detect to investigate to calculate
to direct to contribute to convert
2. Find the related verbs in the text “Diginal Imaging”.
evolution absorption requirement
storage emission detection
comprehension production compilation
3. Find the related adjectives in the text “X-ray Therapy”.
therapy linearity
clinic position
essence flexibility
medicine access
4. Improve your vocabulary.
Make the following sentences complete by translating the words and phrases in brackets.
a) The modern use of x rays for clinical imaging and (терапии) are a prime (пример) of “high-tech” (медицины).
b) Several groups have successfully developed (детекторы и алгоритмы для ЭВМ) to accomplish these objectives with megavolt (машин для лечения).
c) Therefore the size of (области облучения) has to be varied continuously as (направление луча) through the tumor (меняется).
d) It requires detailed (трёхмерное) knowledge of the (анатомии) of (облучаемой ткани).
e) Tomographic images could monitor alignment and (распределение дозы)
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continually during (лечения)ю
X -rays i n m e d i c i n e
Abridged
For almost a century, x rays have been used for medical imaging and for radiation therapy. Now these two clinical regimes are converging in the latest technology.
William R.Hendee
1 One hundred years ago this month a professor of physics at the Julius Maximilian University of Würzburg, discovered x rays while experimenting with cathode rays in a Crookes tube. Word of the discovery spread quickly, and by early 1896 the properties of x rays were under investigation in numerous physics laboratories in Europe and North America. By the turn of the century, physicians and physicists were exploiting the penetrating character of x rays to look inside the human body without cutting it open. They were also beginning to explore the therapeutic properties of x radiation.
2 The applications of x rays to medical diagnosis and therapy have expanded enormously since those early years. Today, in the US alone, 300 million clinical x-ray examinations are performed annually for purposes ranging from static imaging of fractures and cancers to the real-time guidance of tissue biopsies and cardiovascular angioplasties. In addition, half a million cancer patients each year receive x-ray treatments, about half of them for curative purposes and the rest for pain relief.
3 Until recently the diagnostic and therapeutic applications were relatively distinct, although images might be obtained periodically during extended x-ray treatments to verify alignment of the treatment beams and assess the response of the patient. Today, however, the boundary between the diagnostic and therapeutic applications of x rays in medicine is far less distinct. X-ray images are incorporated directly into treatment plans for cancer patients, and they may soon provide real-time tissue imaging during treatment.
4 A major contributor to the enormous progressof medicine in this century has been the development of noninvasive imaging techniques of various kinds. It all started in Röntgen's physics laboratory a hundred years ago. Half a century later, ultrasound imaging was developed with surplus sonar equipment. Imaging with radio-isotopes first exploited nuclear reactors constructed immediately after World War II. Magnetic resonance imaging had its origin in nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. Other imaging methods, based on magnetic field measurements, infrared transmission or electrical impedance may one day achieve clinical acceptance.
