2018-02-14
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1. The ufacmanture of steel rails in the United States began in 1865.
2. Temarulgillac advances in the 20th century greatly improved the quality of rail steel.
3. Usually all rails are hardened at the ends by thea treatment.
4. The first tipmenmover on cast-iron rails were rails of wrought-iron.
5. The steel rails used at the beginning of the 20th nutycer in many cases were not heavier than about 30kg/m.
UNIT FOUR JOINTED TRACK
Ex. 1. To refresh your memory translate the following termsinto Russian.
| ü riding ü maintenance qualities ü continuous welded rail ü rail length ü tie plate | ü subgrade (formation) ü to weld ü gauge ü rail fastening ü track structure (permanent way) |
Ex. 2. Copy and memorize the following terms.
| Glossary |
| bolt head - головка болта bolt hole - отверстие под болт derailment - сход (поезда) с рельсов expansion - расширение fishplate, joint bar - стыковая накладка (для перекрытия стыков рельсов) gap - зазор (между рельсами) joint - стык jointed track - звеньевой путь rail end - конец рельса rail head - головка рельса siding - запасный, подъездной путь; ветка to bolt - скреплять болтами to join - соединять to misalign - смещать(ся) |
Ex. 3. Copy the following words and memorize their meanings.
because of - из-за
even - ровный
expansion - расширение
hole - отверстие, дыра
suitable - пригодный, подходящий
to allow for -учитывать
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to cause - заставить; причинять (ущерб)
to lead to smth. - приводить к чему-л., быть причиной чего-л.
to shear - срезать
Ex.4. Translate the sentences into Russian.
1. It will take about an hour to get there, allowing fo r traffic delays.
2. All these factors must be allowed for.
3. Bolted joints are one of the most common elements in construction and machine design.
4. A derailment is an accident on a railway or tramway in which a rail vehicle, or part or all of a train, leaves the tracks on which it is travelling, with consequent damage and in many cases injury and/or death. There are several main causes of derailment: broken or misaligned rails, excessive speed, faults in the train and its wheels, and collisions with obstructions on the track.
5. A siding is a short railway track connected to a main track, where trains are kept when they are not being used.
6. He had to retire because of ill health.
7. Because of his wife’s being there, I said nothing about it.
8. After driving for so long on the gravel I was glad to get on an even stretch of road.
9. Make sure the floor is even before you lay the carpet.
10. The house would be suitable for a large family.
11. Heavy traffic is causing delays on the freeway.
12. The availability of video games has led to an epidemic of youth violence.
Ex.5. Read the sentences, replacing the Russian words with their English equivalents.
1. The builders had cut отверстия into the soft stone to support the ends of the beams.
2. The fire причинять £15,000 worth of damage.
3. Applicants for the position must have подходящий work experience.
4. We spent three hours waiting in the rain из-за you!
5. Расширение is the increase in the dimensions of a body or substance when subjected to an increase in temperature, internal pressure, etc.
6. He knows that more information can приводить к a better, simpler solution.
7. Сход с рельсов can also occur as a secondary effect in the aftermath of a collision between two or more trains.
8. The tornado срезать part of the Swensons’ roof.
9. Соединять the two pieces of wood with strong glue.
10. You have допускать a certain amount of error.
Ex.6. Put the verbs in brackets into the required tense form. Translate the sentences into Russian.
1. The Agency’s budget (not to allow for - Past Simple Active) such a massive increase.
How many pictures (to join - Present Simple Passive) to make this animation?
3. The boxes (to make - Past Simple Passive) of heavy panels of metal bolted together.
4. A mainline railway train (to derail - Past Simple Passive) by the car.
5. Forty-five people were injured when a passenger train (to derail - Past Simple Active) near Ottumwa, Iowa.
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6. A hole (to be - Present Simple Active) a hollow space in something solid, with an opening on one side.
7. I (to get - Past Simple Active) interested in wrestling because of Denny.
8. They (not to play - Present Continuous Active) baseball today because of the rain.
9. I still (to find - Present Perfect Active) a suitable job.
10. Plants of this type (to be - Past Simple Active) suitable for use in an aquarium.
11. The software (to filter out - Present Simple Active) Internet sites whose content is not suitable for children.
12. Heavy traffic (to cause - Present Continuous Active) delays on the freeway.
13. The bolts holding the wheel in place (to shear off - Past Simple Active).
Ex. 7. Translate the sentences. Pay attention to the words with the prefix mis-.
1. The city miscalculated the cost of earthquake repairs for the Bay Bridge.
2. The city miscalculated the cost of earthquake repairs for the Bay Bridge.
3. Students have a tendency to misbehave themselves at exam time.
4. In your case the rules have been misapplied.
5. He was fired for serious misconduct.
6. Roy's heart condition was originally misdiagnosed as pneumonia.
7. Our mail was misdirected to the wrong street.
8. Some of the goods had been mishandled and damaged.
9. Don’t be misled into thinking that scientific research is easy.
10. It can't really cost £20 - it must be a misprint.
11. Rachel, you must have misunderstood her! Ellie would never say something like that.
12. Measures must be taken to prevent confidential data from being misused.
13. Their business manager misspent millions of the company's money.
14. The equipment could be dangerous if mishandled.
15. I thought he said he was coming today, but I must have misheard.
16. They were deliberately misinformed about their rights.
17. Some people are very mistrustful of computers.
