2020-01-14
233
Lesson Plan:
1. Implementation of research results
2. Calculation of economic efficiency of scientific research
Introduction of research results.
Implementation of scientific researches, which is the final stage of scientific research
Launch - introduction of scientific products in production (reports, instructions, temporary instructions, technical specifications, technical design, etc.) and ensuring optimal technical and economic impact. Scientific research will be a product only at the time of consumption in production. Researchers will be involved in scientific research, ministries, trusts, managements, enterprises, research institutes and others. will be.
Contractor - a research organization, which carries out R & D work, is required to formulate a proposal in accordance with a bilateral agreement. Specifications, technical specifications, project documentation, temporary instruction, instructions, etc., subject to the terms and conditions of the contract. must be. Implementation process consists of two stages: pilot-production and serial implementation (introduction of science, new technologies, new technologies).
Though thoroughly conducted research work in research organizations, work in the production environment does not take into account different, often random factors. Therefore, scientific development at the first stage requires experimental testing in industrial conditions.
Proposed researches are discussed at scientific and technical meetings, and in the presence of special value proposals - in the collegium of the Ministry and sent to production for practical use.
Following the pilot production, new materials, constructions, technologies, proposals, techniques were added to party production as elements of new technologies. In the second stage, research organizations are not involved in the implementation. They can offer advice or fewer technological assistance, with advice or fewer researchers.
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Developing and implementing protocols on implementation of scientific achievements after implementation into production and information on operational controls, cost-effectiveness, information on coverage of savings received in the plan of expenditure, and reports on equity participation of organizations and other documents. Achievements in science and technology
are financed by the implementing organizations.
Calculation of economic efficiency of scientific researches. The cost-effectiveness of scientific research is usually understood as a reduction in public and labor costs for the production of products in the sector of research and development (R & D).
The main types of research are:
• Economic effect - growth of national income, labor productivity, product quality, reduction of scientific research costs;• Strengthening the country's defense capacity;• socio-economic effect - heavy workforce reduction, sanitary and hygienic conditions, environmental cleanliness, etc.;• The reputation of national science. Science is the most effective investment area. In world practice, the return on investment is considered to be 100-200% higher than in any industry. According to foreign economists, one dollar per science costs more than $ 4-7 per year.In our country, the efficiency of science is also high. In our society, the development of science is a huge investment every year. Therefore, there is a second method for the economy of science - a systematic reduction of economic costs of the research will affect their implementation. In this regard, the effectiveness of scientific research will maximize the economic efficiency of the research.It is well-known that the issues of rapid development of science and scientific and technological progress are of great importance today. This science and its existing system are based on profound strategic reasons, down to objective data that has become a real productive power, which is the strongest factor in the effective development of social production.There are two different ways of doing business in the economy: a broad range of developmental intensities and intensities. Extensive expansion of production (plant) territory, increase of number of machine tools, etc. included.An intensive approach means that each agricultural plant from each workstation will receive more than a hectare of crops. This will be achieved through the use of new scientific and technical opportunities: new tools, new technologies, new knowledge.Intensive factors are a combination of organizational and scientific-technical solutions that are armed with modern technology and the population's qualifications. This is a very important situation. The resulting conclusion is that in the future, our economic policies will be mainly focused on the solution of problems of further development in all spheres of social production due to the intensive factors.In this case, science plays a special role, and science itself is the same. We refer to descriptive indicators. Over the last 40-50 years, the amount of new knowledge has grown almost two or three times, and the amount of information (editions, various documents) has increased eight-and-a-half times, and the amount of science allocated to science has exceeded 100. These figures are puzzling. The growth of resources for science is not of personal interest.Therefore, it is necessary to change the scientific policy, radically change the effectiveness of the work of scientific institutions, which is an important condition. In this case, we are not interested in self-growth of new knowledge, but we are interested in increasing the impact on production. We need to analyze the situation proportionally with the proportion between education and its application in the industry, and to increase investment in measures taken to accelerate the progress of scientific and technical progress.There is a theoretical model based on the most complete use of new knowledge and new scientific data if the resources allocated in the area of basic research are taken as units, corresponding indicators: for applied research - 4, for development - 16, and for development of industry innovations - 250.. This model is based on all reasonable (new ideas, information, capabilities) received in the final research area. Applied sciences will be enough for this. Then, the practical application of new technologies, new designs, etc. themes, who will project it, and will continue to work, in turn, will have enough power to take and apply it.Finally, in order to master and implement all the necessary objective innovations, a sufficient amount of money and free-energy sources are needed for the production of innovations in the industry.If the total cost of basic and applied research, as well as the development engineering, is taken as a unit, the investment of new knowledge and investment will be 1:12 in the national economy's development of this knowledge. But in fact, this ratio is 1: 7. This shows that there is no free source of power in the national economy, and that there is insufficient space for maneuvering (in the United States 1:11).In every modern science, every fourth person is the leader. Physics, chemists, mathematicians and so on. than leaders. But mathematicians, physicists, chemists, and others prepare high schools and have a high professional level. They do not teach them to supervise scientific work. They learn from this because of their mistakes, ineffective ways. Solving this problem will increase the efficiency of scientific research. It is known that the time between investment in science and the impact of science in the economy will be measured in our country for nine years.One of the ways to improve the efficiency of scientific research is to use transitional or intermediate results that are often unused or inadequately used. For example, space programs. How are they economically justified? Of course, as a result of their development, radio communication improved, long-distance television programs, weather forecasting accuracy improved, great scientific results were obtained in the world of knowledge, etc. Does all this have economic significance? Effectiveness on labor directly affects the effectiveness of scientific editions, primarily periodicals.Analyzes of articles in national magazines are twice as long as foreign publications. The rate of growth of modern science should be 2.5-3 times higher than the rate of growth in the number of workers in this area. In general, this indicator is not high in the country, and in some scientific organizations it is less than that of the unit, and therefore shows the low efficiency of intellectual resources.Modern scientific instruments are worn out and depreciated for 4-5 years. Scientific-technical experience (several hours a week) does not work intensely and does not wear out. It is necessary to work intensively without fear of getting up-to-date devices and replace them with new advanced devices after 2-3 years.The Ministry of Industry renews its products for five or more years, of which only 10-13% are produced at the level of world indices. This indicates that the industrial sector of science is in need of weak, highly qualified researchers.There is only one Ph.D. candidate for each central laboratory. It can not be compared with the research departments of the plant, research institutes, because there are few doctors and candidates of science. For the development of the industrial sector of science, trained specialists are needed.Various criteria describing the degree of effectiveness are used to evaluate the effectiveness of the research.After finishing the research, returns investment only after a significant period of time. Their results are often widely used in various fields. Therefore, it is not always easy to plan the results of such studies.
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The main theoretical studies are difficult to evaluate quantitative performance criteria, as a rule, only qualitative criteria can be established: wide use of research results in different sectors of the country's national economy; novelty, gives a great impulse to the fundamental development of the most important research; makes a significant contribution to the country's defense capabilities; priorities of domestic science; area where application research can be started; widespread recognition of works; the main monographs on the topic, and the publication of scholars in other countries. It is easier to evaluate the effectiveness of applied research. In this case, different quantitative criteria are used, the effectiveness of any research is assessed only after their implementation, ie, when the national economy begins to return. The time factor is very important.
Therefore, the duration of development of the themes should be shorter, if possible. The duration of their development is up to three years. For many applied research, the likelihood of the impact on the national economy is now over 80%.
How do you evaluate the effectiveness of a research team (department, department, lab, etc.) or one researcher?
The effectiveness criterion of the researcher is estimated differently: publications, economics, novelty, publication, etc. The general size of your publication: number of publications, number of printed pages, number of monographs, textbooks, manuals. This criterion is not always an objective description of the effectiveness of a researcher.
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In some cases, compared to many smaller ones, the number of publications is small, but the returns are high. Economic evaluation of the work of a private researcher is rarely used, and often, as an economic criterion, the index of labor productivity of the researcher is used.
Criteria of SRW news - number of patents and certificates.
The criterion for referring to the work of a scientist is the number of references to his publication. This is the second criterion: The effectiveness of a research group or organization is assessed on several criteria:
• Annual production of R & D,
• the number of topics included,
• Economic efficiency of R & D, introduction into production,
• general economic effect,
• The number of copyright certificates and patents obtained, the number of sold licenses with foreign currency profits.
There are three types of economic effects:
• in advance
• expected
• Actual.
The preliminary economic impact is determined on the basis of the research subject and incorporated in the work plan. The expected economic effect is calculated in the course of the study, which is conditionally projected for a certain period of production.
The actual economic effect will be determined within a year after introduction of scientific developments in the industry. Scientific research and implementation costs are calculated taking into account the cost value of the industry (enterprise), where scientific developments are introduced. Real is always a little lower than expected income:
• SRI is predicted (sometimes by growth)
• Implementation is relevant to a particular enterprise.
The expected or actual economic effect is determined by the following formula:
E = ZPR2 - ZPR1,
Here, ZPR2 is the reversal of the new version of the ZPR1 (basic version) and production unit (based on the research results). As a result, costs are calculated using the following formula:
ZPR = C + YN,
Here, С - cost of unit of production, price formation of scientific and technical progress;
К - capital investments, prices;
The coefficient of the cost-effectiveness (EN = 0.15).
The criteria for economic efficiency of scientific research,
Real savings from implementation.
Control questions:
1. What is the start-up process?
2. What is the economic effectiveness of scientific research?
3. Criteria describing degree of effectiveness of scientific research.
4. Types of economic efficiency.
Lecture 13.
