Two Types of Scientific Papers Containing Two Types of Information

There are two types of scientific papers: review articles and primary research articles. Review articles give an overview of the scientific field or topic by summarizing the data and conclusions from many studies. These types of articles are a good starting place for a summary of what has been happening in the field. And they often contain more background information than primary research articles do, which means if at any point you are confused while reading the primary literature, it will help to go back and look at reviews. It is also wise to read several reviews by different authors for a well-rounded perspective of the field; individual authors have their own biases and you want to make sure you are exposed to as many different points of view as possible before you settle on your own conclusions.

Primary research articles contain the original data and conclusions of the researchers who were involved in the experiments. These articles also contain details about how the experiments were done. Or, in the cases of some journals, they might contain web addresses for "supplemental data" found online, which detail the methods used by the authors. In general, primary research articles should be consulted any time you need to get more information about how an experiment was carried out, or if you need to review the original data, or to evaluate for yourself the validity of the authors' conclusions. Primary research articles are also useful for seeing how experts in that scientific field visually represent their data.

The Parts and Uses of Research Articles

In order to make them instantly recognised and easily understood, research papers always follow a standard format, each part of which has a specific function.

Abstract

The abstract is a summary of the paper. It summarizes, usually in less than 300 words, the area of interest, methodology and principal results of the work. It should let the reader get a good impression of what the paper contains. Reading the abstract will help you decide if the article was what you were looking for, or not, without spending a long time reading the whole paper.

Introduction

The introduction describes the state of knowledge in the relevant area, with reference to work already published, and shows why the work in the paper was necessary. It should clearly state what hypotheses are being tested in the paper, and why the chosen research method is appropriate. Reading the introduction is a test of whether or not you are ready to read the rest of the paper; if the introduction does not make sense to you, then the rest of the paper will not either.

Materials and Methods

This section describes how the research was carried out. It covers everything relevant to the actual experimental procedure, and also how the data collected were analysed. Reading the methods section is helpful in understanding exactly what the authors did. An important criterion when assessing the methods section is to ask, 'does the author(s) give enough information to allow me to repeat the experiment?' If the answer to this is no, then the methods section is not detailed enough.

Results

The results section represents a summary and analysis of the data. Usually graphs and tables will be included here. The accompanying text contains verbal descriptions of the pieces of data the authors feel were most critical. Note that the results section should simply present the results of the work described, without discussing them.

Three types of information can be extracted from the results section: data from the experiments, ideas about how to improve the methods, and an understanding of how to represent similar data. Clearly, this is the section of the paper you refer to if you need to know exactly what the researchers found out, particularly if you need data to compare with your own findings, or to use to build your own hypothesis. The results section is also useful for understanding whether the methods of an experiment worked well.

Discussion

This is the most 'open' section of the paper. It is where the authors draw conclusions about the results. They may choose to put their results in the context of previous findings and offer theories or new hypotheses that explain the sum body of knowledge in the field. Or the authors may comment on new questions and avenues of exploration that their results give rise to. The purpose of discussion sections in papers is to allow the exchange of ideas between scientists. However, this section is often a good place to get ideas about what kind of research questions are still unanswered in the field and thus, what types of questions you might want your own research project to tackle.

References

Throughout the article, the authors will refer to information from other papers. These citations are all listed in the references section, sometimes referred to as the bibliography. Regardless of the type of source, there will always be enough information (authors, title, journal name, publication date, etc.) for you to find the source at a library or online. This makes the reference section incredibly useful for broadening your own literature search.