2020-07-12
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to accentuate — выделять
beige — бежевый
to convey — перевозить
to contribute — вкладывать
dashboard — приборный щиток
gauge — прибор
highway — трасса
to fishtail — тормозить
grille — решетка
lineup — строй, расстановка
manual — ручной
to redesign — переконструировать
rigid — стойкий
snazzy — броский, шикарный
to souped-up — увеличивать мощность
to squared off — приготовить к защите
steering — управление рулем
subtle — неуловимый, тонкий
suspension — подвеска, суспензия
warranty — гарантия
trunk — багажник
to tweak — дергать, щипать
to understeer — плохо слушаться руля
update — последний, обновленный
1. Answer the questions:
1. What is this text about?
2. What facts about Mazda cars are interesting for you?
3. What reputation does the Mazda have?
4. What characteristic can you give to the Mazda 3 2007?
5. What changes has the Mazda 3’s 2007 updated?
6. What is the most important change?
7. What hasn’t changed?
8. What advantages and disadvantages does it have to your mind?
9. Where is it built?
10. What safety equipment does it have?
11. Why is the Mazda 3 unique?
12. Think of who should buy the Mazda 3 2007 and who should not.
2. Find in the text equivalents for the following phrases:
Черная отделка, фронтальные подушки безопасности, кожаный салон, заднее колесо, противоположное состояние, боковые подушки безопасности, противотуманные фары, потеря контроля, городской (загородний) цикл, электростеклоподъемники, средства безопасности, особое внимание уделяется, передние фары, экономия топлива, модернизация стиля, улучшенное рулевое управление, сервисный центр, пробег тридцать шесть тысяч миль, точное повиновение рулю, топливный бак.
3. Choose the right word which best completes the sentence:
1. The new bumpers offer superior aerodynamics that... to better fuel economy.
a) include
b) influence
c) contribute
2. Changes to the Mazda 3’s body shell make it more...
a) rigid
b) hard
c) tough
3. The most... change is the addition of electronic stability control,
a) unusual
b) important
c) incredible
4. The 3’s interior has also been... for 2007.
a) revised
b) redesigned
c) restored
5. Transmission choices are a 5-speed... or 5-speed automatic,
a) hand
b) tame
c) manual
6.... is when the front wheels try to push towards the outside of a curve when cornered hard.
a) oversteer
b) understeer
c) steering
7.... attention was paid to revising interior quality on all models,
a) particular
b) special
c) singular
8. Most front-wheel-drive cars... the Mazda 3 are tuned for understeer,
a) like
b) as
c) such
9. The ‘i’... a choice of beige or black interior.
a) offers
b) gives
c) proposes
10. As a hatchback, the Mazda 3 is...
a) special
b) unusual
c) unique
4. Find the English equivalents to the following Russian words:
1) оплата
a) payment
b) pavement
с)permanent
2) топливо
a) few
b) fuel
с)full
3) сплав
a) allow
b)yellow
с)alloy
4) черта
a) fitchew
b)future
с)feature
5) колесо
a) weal
b)will
с)wheel
6) тонкий
a) subtitle
b)subtle
с)subtype
7) ручной
a) manual
b)menu
с) maneuver
8) щиток
a) blackboard
b) dashboard
с) board
9) рулевое управление
a) stereo
b) dashboard stirring
с) steering
10)подергивание
a) tweak
b) weak
с) week
5. Finish the following sentences:
1. The Mazda has a reputation as...
2. The 3’s new alloy wheels...
3. It has three trim levels...
4. The most important change is...
5. Particular attention was paid to...
6. The ‘i’ offers a choice...
7. Transmission choices are...
8. Base price for the Mazda 3i Sport is...
9. It has all optional safety equipment... ICE The top-of-the-line 3S Grand Touring adds...
Tell about the history of Mazda’s company and the latest model Mazda 3 2007. Use the information of the texts above.
PART III
Экология сегодня
Ecology
Ecology is the study of the relationship of plants and animals to their physical and biological environment. The physical environment includes light and heat or solar radiation, moisture, wind, oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients in soil, water, and atmosphere. The biological environment includes organisms of the same kind as well as other plants and animals.
Because of the diverse approaches required to study organisms in their environment, ecology draws upon such fields as climatology, hydrology, oceanography, physics, chemistry, geology, and soil analysis. To study the relationships between organisms, ecology also involves such disparate sciences as animal behaviour, taxonomy, physiology, and mathematics.
An increased public awareness of environmental problems has made ecology a common but often misused word. It is confused with environmental programs and environmental science. Although the field is a distinct scientific discipline, ecology does indeed contribute to the study and understanding of environmental problems.
The term ecology was introduced by the German biologist Ernst Heinrich Haeckel in 1866; it is derived from the Greek oikos (“household”), sharing the same root word as economics. Thus, the term implies the study of the economy of nature. Modern ecology, in part, began with Charles Darwin. In developing his theory of evolution, Darwin stressed the adaptation of organisms to their environment through natural selection. Also making important contributions were plant geographers, such as Alexander von Humboldt, who were deeply interested in the “how” and “why” of vegetational distribution around the world.
1. Answer the given questions making use of phrases as far as I have understood; I learned from the text that; the fact that … has been unknown for me; it is mentioned in the text that …; as it is stressed in the article …; the author(s) of the text consider …; I think (consider) that….
1. How d’you understand the term ‘ecology’?
2. What d’you think the physical environment includes? And the biological one?
3. Which fields of science have been drawn upon ecology?
4. Which disparate sciences are involved to study the relationships between organisms?
5. Why d’you think ecology has been made a common but often misused word?
6. Who was the term ecology introduced by and when?
7. What does the term ecology imply from the point of view of its origin?
8. What did Darwin stress in developing his theory of evolution?
2. Complete the sentences below:
1. Ecology is the study of … of plants and animals to their physical and biological environment.
2. … includes light and heat or solar radiation, moisture, wind, oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients in soil, water, and atmosphere.
3. Because of … required to study organisms in their environment, ecology draws upon many fields.
4. Ecology is confused with … programs and … science.
5. The term ecology … by the German biologist Ernst Heinrich Haeckel in 1866.
3. Match English and Russian equivalents:
relationship; ecology; environment; environmental; oxygen; nutrients; moisture; contribution; misused; adaptation; selection; confuse; evolution.
неверно употреблённый; кислород; экология; эволюция; путать; питательные вещества; вклад; адаптация; отбор; взаимоотношения; окружающая среда; влага; относящийся к окружающей среде.
4. Give annotation of the text. Use the following:
1. The article (paper, book) deals with… - эта статья (работа, книга) касается…
2. As the title implies the article describes… - согласно названию в статье описывается…
3. It is specially noted… - особенно отмечается
4. A mention should be made… - упоминается
5. It is spoken in detail… - подробно описывается
6. … are noted. - упоминаются
7. It is reported… - сообщается
8. The text gives a valuable information on… текст даёт ценную информацию…
9. Much attention is given to… - большое внимание уделяется…
10. The article is of great help to… - эта статья окажет большую помощь…
11. The article is of interest to… - эта статья представляет интерес для…
12. It (the article) gives a detailed analysis of… - она (статья) даёт подробный анализ…
13. It draws our attention to… она (статья, работа) привлекает наше внимание…
14. It should be stressed (emphasized) that… - следует подчеркнуть, что
15. … is (are) proposed (examined, discussed). – предлагается (рассматривается, обсуждается).
16. An option permits… - выбор позволяет.
17. etc. – и т.д.
Endangered Species
Endangered Species are plant and animal species that are in immediate danger of extinction. The following degrees of endangerment have been defined. Critically endangered species, such as the California condor, are those that probably cannot survive without direct human intervention. Threatened species, such as the grey wolf, are abundant in parts of their range but are declining in total numbers. Rare species, such as the greater prairie chicken, exist in relatively low numbers over their ranges but are not necessarily in immediate danger of extinction.
Extinction is actually a normal process in the course of evolution. Throughout geological time, many more species have become extinct than exist today. These species slowly disappeared because of climatic changes and the inability to adapt to such conditions as competition and predation. Since the 1600s, however, the process of extinction has accelerated rapidly through the impact of both human population growth and technological advances on natural ecosystems. Today the majority of the world's environments are changing faster than the ability of most species to adapt to such changes through natural selection.
Causes
Species become extinct or endangered for a number of reasons, but the primary cause is the destruction of habitat. Drainage of wetlands, conversion of shrub lands to grazing lands, cutting and clearing of forests (especially in the Tropics, where the rain forests will be gone soon if destruction continues at its present rate), urbanisation and suburbanisation, and highway and dam construction have seriously reduced available habitats. As the various habitats become fragmented into “islands,” the remaining animal populations crowd into smaller areas, causing further habitat destruction. Species in these small islands lose contact with other populations of their own kind, thereby reducing their genetic variation and making them less adaptable to environmental change. These small populations are highly vulnerable to extinction; for some species, the fragmented habitats become too small to support a viable population.
Since the 1600s, commercial exploitation of animals for food and other products has caused many species to become extinct or endangered. The slaughter of great whales for oil and meat, for example, has brought them to the brink of extinction; the African rhinoceros, killed for its horn, is also critically endangered. The great auk became extinct in the 19th century because of overhunting, and the Carolina parakeet perished as a species because of a combination of overhunting and habitat destruction.
Introduced diseases, parasites, and predators against which native flora and fauna have no defenses have also exterminated or greatly reduced some species. The accidental introduction of a blight, for example, eliminated the chestnut tree from North American hardwood forests. Predator and pest control also have adverse effects. Excessive control of prairie dogs, for example, has nearly eliminated one of their natural predators, the black-footed ferret.
Pollution is another important cause of extinctions. Toxic chemicals —especially chlorinated hydrocarbons such as dichloro-diphenyl-trichloroethane (DDT) and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) — have become concentrated in food webs, affecting most strongly those species at the end of the chain. Both DDT and the PCBs, for example, interfere with the calcium metabolism of birds, causing soft-shelled eggs and malformed young. PCBs also impair reproduction in some carnivorous animals. Water pollution and increased water temperatures have wiped out endemic races of fish in several habitats.
