Classifying on the contract’s subject

 

International contracts can be classified by subject like these (table 5.1.)

 

Table 5.1

Types of Contracts

1.	agency agreement	договор о посредничестве
2.	agreement of purchase and sale	договор о купле-продаже
3.	agreement of purchase and sale	соглашение о купле-продаже
4.	agreement on know-how, agreement about know-how	соглашение о ноу-хау
5.	agreement to sell	соглашение о продаже
6.	agreement with an agency	договор с агентством
7.	annuity contract	договор об аннуитете
8.	annuity contract, annuity insurance policy	договор страхования ренты
9.	arbitration treaty	договор об арбитраже
10.	articles of set, contract of tenancy, tack	договор аренды
11.	association agreement	договор о сотрудничестве
12.	bargain	договор о покупке
13.	bargain and sale, sale contract, sales contract, sale agreement, agreement of sale, purchase contract	договор купли-продажи
14.	building contract	договор строительного подряда
15.	charter party	договор о фрахтовании
16.	clearing agreement	соглашение о клиринговых расчетах
17.	collection agreement	соглашение об инкассировании
18.	commission, contract of agency	договор поручения
19.	consultancy agreement	договор о консультировании
20.	contract for the construction	контракт о строительстве
21.	contract for the sale, sales contract	контракт на продажу
22.	contract of adhesion	договор присоединения
23.	contract of agency	договор о поручении
24.	contract of air transportation	договор воздушной перевозки
25.	contract of carriage	контракт на перевозку
26.	contract of carriage	договор перевозки
27.	contract of debt	договор займа
28.	contract of engagement	договор найма
29.	contract of guarantee	договор о поручительстве
30.	contract of guarantee	договор поручительства
31.	contract of indemnity, indemnity contract	договор гарантии
32.	contract of insurance, insurance contract, insurance agreement	договор страхования
33.	contract of purchase	договор купли
34.	contract of sale	договор продажи
35.	contract of tenancy	договор имущественного найма
36.	contract with a reservation	контракт с оговоркой
37.	contractor's agreement	договор подряда
38.	control agreement	соглашение о контроле
39.	cooperation agreement	соглашение о сотрудничестве
40.	copartnery, terms of partnership	договор товарищества
41.	cost-plus contract	контракт с наценкой
42.	development contract	договор на разработку
43.	development contract, building contract	контракт на строительство
44.	developmental contract	контракт на разработку
45.	distribution license	лицензия дистрибутора
46.	employment agreement, contract of work and labour, labour contract, hiring	договор личного найма
47.	employment contract	контракт личного найма
48.	excess-of-loss reinsurance treaty	договор эксцендентного перестрахования
49.	exclusive license agreement	договор исключительной лицензии
50.	financing arrangements	соглашения о финансировании
51.	fixture	договор фрахтования
52.	franchise	договор франшизы (договор о реализации торговым предприятием изделий промышленного предприятия)
53.	gaming contract, wagering contract	договор пари
54.	hire contract	договор о найме
55.	import license	лицензия на импорт (документ, дающий право на ввоз товаров в какую-либо страну)
56.	improvement patent	патент на усовершенствование
57.	indemnification agreement	соглашение о компенсации
58.	investment contract	договор об инвестировании
59.	land contract	договор о землевладении
60.	lease (contract), provisions of a lease	договор аренды
61.	leasing contract	договор об аренде
62.	licence	лицензия (по лицензии — under license государственная лицензия — state licence лишать лицензии — to withdraw a franchise)
63.	license for production	лицензия на производство
64.	license to manufacture	лицензия на изготовление
65.	license to sell	лицензия на сбыт
66.	license to use	лицензия на использование
67.	licentiate	лиценциат
68.	loan agreement	договор о ссуде
69.	non-disclosure agreement	соглашение о неразглашении (напр. соглашение с потенциальным лицензиатом о неразглашении «ноу-хау» или изобретения, являющихся предметом возможной лицензии)
70.	nonpatent licence	лицензия на ноу-хау
71.	obligatory reinsurance treaty	договор облигаторного перестрахования
72.	operating agreement	договор на эксплуатацию
73.	operating agreement	договор об эксплуатации
74.	patent (for, on), licence (for)	патент (подавать заявку на патент — to apply for a patent; охраняться патентом — to be covered by patents; выдавать патент (кому-л.) - to grant a patent (to); получать патент - to take out a patent)
75.	patent for invention, patent for an invention	патент на изобретение
76.	patentee	владелец патента
77.	payments agreement, arrangement about payments	соглашение о платежах
78.	price agreement, price arrangement	соглашение о ценах
79.	process patent	патент на способ
80.	procurement contract	контракт на закупки
81.	procurement contract, delivery contract, contract for delivery, contract of delivery	контракт на поставку (оборудования и т.п.)
82.	product patent	патент на изделие
83.	project agreement	соглашение о проектах
84.	purchase contract	контракт на закупку
85.	purchasing arrangement	соглашение о закупках
86.	retainer	договор с адвокатом
87.	sponsoring agreement	соглашение о финансировании
88.	storage contract	договор складирования
89.	study contract	контракт на изучение
90.	subcontract	договор с субконтрагентом
91.	subordination agreement	соглашение о подчинении
92.	supply agreement	договор поставки
93.	tariff agreement	соглашение о тарифах
94.	transportation contract	договор о перевозках
95.	turnkey contract	контракт под ключ
96.	user permit	лицензия на пользование
97.	vendor contract	договор на поставку

 

 

THEME 3. STRUCTURE AND CONTENTS OF INTERNATIONAL CONTRACT

 

Contract’s structure

The main contract’s conditions

Form and content of the contract

Contract’s structure

A written contract of sale is made out in the form of a document signed both by the Buyers and the Sellers.

When there is no necessity of introducing special terms and conditions into the contract of sale, our associations use standard forms of contracts containing the following clauses (articles):

1. Preamble or Naming (definition) of the Parties – the legal title of the contracting parties and their addresses

2. Object (subject) of the contract (and volume of delivery) – naming the product for sale or purchase. It also indicates the unit of measure generally employed in foreign trade for specific commodities

3. Prices and total cost (amount, sum, value) of the contract – price may be fixed, firm and sliding. Fixed price is the price governing in the market on the day of delivery or for a given period; firm price is not subject to change in the course of the fulfilment of the contract; sliding price is quated for machinery and equipment which require a long period of delivery

4. Terms (dates) of delivery or Basis of delivery or Time and date of delivery – defindes the exact dates and terms of delivery

5. Payment or Terms (conditions) of payment – includes terms of payment, defines the currency of payment and the order of the payment between contractors (here INCOTERMS are widely used)

6. Transportation of goods (packing and marking, shipment) – indicates terms of packing, marking and shipment to protect the goods against any damage during carriage

7. Guarantees (the quality of the goods)/Warranty – says, that the Seller guarantees the quality of the delivered merchandise in conformity with the later technical achievements and the period of guarantee will meet requirement mentioned in the contract

8. Claims and reclamation or Sanctions and claims or Penalty – includes the case of breach of the contract. In this case the sufferer makes a claim to the party which fails to meet its obligations to this one be penalized

9. Insurance – includes four main terms of insurance: (1) what is insured; (2) what risks the goods are insured from; (3) who insures; (4) in whose favour the insurance is made

10. Force majeure (circumstances) – includes the obligations of the contracting parties in case of coming the force majeure circumstances. The parties have the right to extend the time stipulated for the fulfilment of the contract by a period equal to that during which force majeure circumstances last

11. Arbitration – says that the contracting parties will take every meseares to reach friendly settlement of differences and disputes connected with the contract. If the parties fail to reach an agreement the dispute will be at the written request of one of the parties submitted for the consideration of the Arbitration Court

12. General provisions

13. Shipping documents

14. Final (other) provisions or Other conditions or Miscellaneous – includes the order of entry of any alterations and amendments, and the order of the transfer of the parties righs and obligations to a third party

15. Concluding wording – shows the language in which the contract is drawn up and the number of copies that have the same legal force

16. Legal Addresses of the Parties

17. Corporate signatures and seals these two last clause include the legal addresses of the contracting parties, the numbers of their phones, FAXes and the signatures and seals of the parties

Standart contracts are not a must. Some clauses may be altered and supplemented. They are used to represent specific demands to the subject of the contract and to the order of the fulfilment of the obligation. They are as following:

1. Taking-over of the Goods or Transfer and Acceptence of Goods (Products)

2. Schedule of Delivery

3. Quality of Equipment

4. Inspection and Tests

5. Advice of Shipment and Shipping Instruction or Notification of Shipment

6. Shipping Documents

7. Range of Design Documentation

8. Basis of Working Out the Detailed Project Report

9. Terms of Working Out the Detailed Project Report

Moreover, Standard General Conditions form an integral part of the contract and are either printed on the reverse side of the contract or attached to it.

In the case of a contract for sophisticated machinery or equipment there may be other clauses: technical conditions, requirements for technical documentation, training of the Buyers’ specialists and the like. These clauses may be included in the contract itself or in the Appendices to the contract which are an integral part of it.

When detailed special terms and conditions are introduced into the contract or agreement, usually an individual contract or agreement is drawn up (e.g. a turnkey contract, a licence agreement).

Sometimes organizations use standard forms of contracts worked out by the biggest associations of merchants and importers abroad, by exchanges, Chambers of Commerce. These are used in grain, seed, sugar, cotton and other trades.