2020-09-24
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1. A kidney infection already (to develop) because of urine standing still.
2. The urine (to form) in three steps: Filtration, Reabsorption, and Secretion.
3. Significant sex difference (to exist) in the shape and length of male and female urethra.
4. A test in the structure of the kidneys (to pass) the day after tomorrow.
5. Last night she (to experience) an attack of acute pain in the lumber region.
6. In recent years, researchers (to study) a lot about how the kidneys work.
7. The patient (to complain) of pain and burning during urination a week ago.
8. When he entered the room, they (to carry out) the experiment.
Exercise 20. Translate the sentences into English:
1. Головна робота нирок полягає в регулярному очищенні всього нашого організму.
2. Сечовипускальний канал поєдную нирки з сечовим міхуром.
3. М’язи в сечовому каналі постійно скорочуються та розслабляються, виводячи сечу з нирок.
4. Нефрони виконують майже всі функції нирок.
5. Сечовина продукується після розщеплення білків у організмі.
6. В сечі здорової людини не повинно бути бактерій, вірусів та грибків.
7. Головна функція нефронів – регулювати концентрацію рідини у тілі.
8. Сечовий міхур діє як тимчасовий резервуар для сечі.
Exercise 21. Arrange the following sentences in a correct order to describe the term “a kidney”:
1. The function of the kidneys is to secrete the urine.
2. The major regions of the kidney are the renal cortex, the renal medulla and the renal pelvis.
3. The kidneys are paired bean-shaped organs with two surfaces, two borders, and an upper and lower extremity.
4. The urinary system consists of two kidneys, the ureters, the urinary bladder and the urethra.
5. They are covered by the renal capsule.
6. The kidneys are situated in the posterior part of the abdomen, behind the peritoneum.
Exercise 22. Arrange the following sentences in a correct order to describe the term “the urinary system”:
1. The urinary bladder stores the urine until it is discharged from the body through the urethra.
2. The urinary system consists of two kidneys, the ureters, the urinary bladder and the urethra.
3. The urinary system keeps the chemicals and water in your body balanced.
4. The kidneys secrete the urine out of the body.
5. The urinary system is a group of organs in the body concerned with filtering out excess of fluid and wastes from the bloodstream.
6. The ureters convey urine to the urinary bladder.
Exercise 23. Arrange the following sentences in a correct order to describe the term “the urinary bladder”:
1. Nerves in the bladder alert a person when it is time to urinate.
2. The bladder's walls relax and expand to store urine, and contract to empty it.
3. It is a membranous sac in which the urine, excreted from the kidneys, is stored.
4. The urinary system is a group of organs in the body that filters excess of fluid and wastes from the bloodstream.
5. The urinary system consists of two kidneys, the ureters, the urinary bladder and the urethra.
Завдання для самостійної роботи студентів (СРС)
| I. Перекладіть словосполучення: накопичуватися в крові бактерії, віруси та грuбки спорожнювати сечовий міхур виведення сечі через уретру вживати рідину та продукти харчування тимчасове зберігання нормальне сечовиділення повідомляти мозок руйнування активних тканин регулювати об’єм крові та тиск II. Дайте відповідь на питання: What does the urinary system consist of? What form do the kidneys have? What is the function of nephrons? Where is the urine stored before it is discharged from the body? What is the function of the urethra? III. Розкрийте поняття: нирки, сечовидільна система, сечовий міхур |
| THE ENDOCRINE GLANDS |
Exercise 1. Topic vocabulary:
| acromegaly, n | [ækrə´megəli] | акромегалія (збільшення у розмірі голови, рук та ліця) |
| adrenal, adj | [əd'ri:nl] | наднирковий |
| band, n | [bænd] | стрічка |
| cortex, n | [´kɔ:teks] | Кора головного мозку |
| duct, n | [dΛkt] | протока |
| dwarfing, n | [´dwב:fiŋ] | карликовість |
| excitement, n | [ik´saitmənt] | збудження, хвилювання |
| involuntary, adj | [in´vבl(ə)nt(ə)ri] | мимовільний |
| lobe, n | [ləub] | доля |
| masculinity, n | [mæskjə´liniti] | схожість на чоловіка |
| medulla, n | [me´dΛlə] | мозок |
| narrow, adj | [´nærəu] | вузький |
| pituitary, n | [pi'tju(:)it(ə)ri] | гіпофіз |
| pour, v (into) | [pב:] | вливатися |
| thyroid, n | [´θairנּɪd ] | щитовидна залоза |
| uterus, n | [´jutər(ə)s] | матка |
Exercise 2. Guess the meaning of the following words without using a distionary:
Endocrine, gland, hypophysis, secretion, hormone, substance, metabolism, activity, emotion, base, functioning, to stimulate, peristalsis, adrenalin, trachea, control, pancreas.
Exercise 3. а) Read the word combinations and translate them:
Gland: enlarged gland; swollen gland; salivary gland; pituitary gland; glands secrete hormones.
Amount: considerable amount; exact amount; to reduce the amount; limited amount; excessive amount; total amount.
Affect: to affect greatly; to affect indirectly; to affect slightly; to affect significantly.
Circulation: poor circulation; systemic circulation; pulmonary circulation; to improve circulation; to stimulate circulation.
b) Make up short sentences using the above given word combinations:
Exercise 4. Give Ukrainian equivalents to the following word combinations:
Ductless glands; internal secretions; reproductive glands; on either side; to produce masculinity; excitement and strong emotions; fear or anger; the glands of “flight and fight”; the pituitary fossa; sexual development; involuntary muscle;
Exercise 5. Read and translate the text:
The Endocrine Glands
All glands in the human body can be divided into glands with ducts and ductless. Ductless glands have no duct but they make a secretion which they pour into the blood stream. These secretions are called internal secretions or hormones, and glands which produce them are also called endocrine glands.
The chief ductless glands are: the thyroid gland, the adrenal glands and the pituitary gland.
There are also other important glands which produce internal secretions as well as other substances, e.g. the pancreas, the liver and the reproductive glands.
The thyroid gland lies in the front of the neck. It consists of two lobes lying on either side, joined by a narrow band which crosses the trachea immediately below the larynx. The gland is well supplied with blood vessels and consists essentially of secreting cells. The cells secrete thyroxin, which passes into the circulation. Thyroxin controls the general metabolism or activity of the body tissues.
The adrenal glands are two small triangular glands lying one over each kidney. They consist of two parts, cortex and medulla. The outer part produces a secretion which affects sex. Oversecretion produces masculinity in the female and in the male it produces too early development of the male reproductive organs.
The medulla produces a very important secretion called adrenalin, It secreted amount increases in excitement and strong emotions such as fear or anger. The adrenals are therefore sometimes called the glands of “flight and fight”.
The pituitary gland (hypophysis) is a small gland about the size of a pea and yet is of great importance. It lies in the pituitary fossa in the base of the skull. It consists of an anterior and a posterior lobe.
The anterior lobe is the larger and produces a number of important hormones affecting growth and sexual development and the functioning of the ductless glands, particularly the thyroid and the adrenal glands. Undersecretion of this lobe in childhood causes dwarfing. Oversecretion causes overgrowth or gigantism. In the adult this oversecretion causes overgrowth of the head, hands, and feet, particularly affecting the lower jaw. This condition is known as acromegaly.
The posterior lobe produces the secretion known as pituitrin. This stimulates involuntary muscle and therefore contracts the blood vessels and raises blood pressure, stimulates peristalsis, contracts the uterus; it affects the use of water by the body.
Exercise 6. Answer the questions:
1.How are glands in the human body classified?
2.What is hormone?
3.What are the main ductless glands?
4.What is the structure of the thyroid gland?
5.What does thyroxin control?
6.What is the structure of the adrenal glands?
7.When is adrenalin secreted?
8.What is the structure of the pituitary gland?
9. What does the pituitary gland affect?
Exercise 7. I. Form new words with the prefix OVER meaning “понад, вверх”. Translate them:
Model: over+ dosage →overdosage (передозування)
weight, cooling, heating, work, salt, sensitive, sleep, use, talkative, curious, load, excitement, dose, estimate, eating, growth, development, action.
II. Form new words with the prefix UNDER meaning „під, нижче".Translate them.
Model: under+ dose →underdose (недостатня доза)
estimate, salted, developed, weight, graduate, ventilation, act, nourished
Exercise 8. Form adjectives using the suffix –LESS meaning “відсутність”. Translate them. Model: power + less—powerless (без силий)
Care, duct, fear, hope, pain, color, taste, use, harm, meaning, shame.
Exercise 9. Match the terms with their definitions:
| 1. acromegaly 2. gland 3.gigantism 4.adrenal gland 5.thyroid gland 6. hypophysis | a) triangle-shaped glands located on top of the kidneys; b) a small, somewhat cherry-shaped double-lobed structure attached to the base of the brain, constituting the master endocrine gland affecting all hormonal functions of the body; c) a large endocrine gland situated in the base of the neck concerned with regulation of the metabolic rate; d) Increase in size of the hands, feet and the face due to excessive production of “growth hormone”; e) an organ or group of cells that is specialized for synthesizing and secreting fluids either for use in the body or for excretion; f) abnormal growth causing excessive height, most commonly due to oversecretion during childhood of “growth hormone”. |
Exercise 10. Translate into English:
Головні залози, які не мають вивідних протоків; страх або гнів; вражати рост та статевий розвиток; скорочення кров’яних судин; струмінь крові; кількість, що секретується; втеча і боротьба; вузька стрічка; залози репродуктивної системи; постачатися судинами крові; трикутна залоза; карликовість; передня доля; задня доля; по обидві боки.
Exercise 11. Put the words from the table into an appropriate gap:
| Influence; controlling; eight major glands; diabetes; supplements; a hormone disorder; hormones |
Your endocrine system includes … throughout your body. These glands make …. If your hormone levels are too high or too low, you may have …. Hormone diseases also occur if your body does not respond to hormones the way it is supposed to. Stress, infection and changes in your blood's fluid and electrolyte balance can also … hormone levels. In the United States, the most common endocrine disease is …. There are many others. They are usually treated by … how much hormone your body makes. Hormone … can help if the problem is too little of a hormone.
Exercise 12. Open the brackets using the correct form of the verb. Translate the sentences:
1. Thyroxin (to control) the general metabolism or activity of the body tissues
2. The patient already (to treat) by the doctor from pneumonia.
3. The wound is usually dressed by the nurse.
4. Blood pressure (to take) now.
5. Skin irritation (to cause) by overdosage of the drug.
6. The anterior lobe of the hypothesis (to produce) a number of important hormones
7. I (to treat) at this clinic for acute pneumonia last week.
8. We were said that the direction of the nerve fibers already (to establish) experimentally.
Exercise 13. Make up questions to the underlined words:
1.The hormones are delivered to various organs.
2.The thyroid gland is well supplied with blood vessels.
3.The patient has been recommended to consult his pharmacist for professional advice.
4.Many hormones affect metabolism.
5. The chemical composition of some hormones is well-known.
6.Each gland consists of glandular epithelial tissue.
7.The hormones affect the functions of the different parts of the nervous system.
8.The pituitary gland is about the size of a pea.
Exercise 14. Arrange the following sentences in a correct order to describe the following term. Use them in describing the terms:
