2020-10-10
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What can be a source of rivers and streams?
What is a riparian zone?
What is the difference between the lotic and the lentic habitat?
What does the term “ epilimnion” mean?
What does the term “benthos” mean?
What kind of plants do grow rooted in the bottom sediments of the littoral zone?
What microorganisms can live without oxygen in the bottom layers of a lake?
Where is the littoral layer of a lake?
10.What does the penetration of sunlight through the layer depend on?
Part 3
VOCABULARY LIST TO TEXT A part 3
| wetland n | [ˈwɛtlənd] | заболоченная территория |
| swamp n | [swɒmp] | болото |
| marsh n | [mɑːʃ] | болото |
| bog n | |bɒɡ| | болото, трясина |
| peat n | [piːt] | торф |
| fen n | |fen| | топь |
| biodiversity n | [ˌbʌɪə(ʊ)dʌɪˈvəːsɪti] | биоразнообразие |
| breeding n | [ˈbriːdɪŋ] | размножение, разведение |
| soak v | [səʊk] | замачивать; пропитывать |
| flood n | [flʌd] | наводнение |
| waste n | [weɪst] | отходы |
| detoxify n | [diːˈtɒksɪfʌɪ] | обезвреживать |
| harmful adj | [ˈhɑːmfʊl] | вредный |
| purifying n | [ˈpjʊərɪfaɪɪŋ] | очищение |
| threaten v | [ˈθrɛt(ə)n] | угрожать |
| disruption n | [dɪsˈrʌpʃn] | разрушение |
| dam n | [dæm] | дамба, плотина |
| silt n | [sɪlt] | осадок, ил |
| struggle n | [ˈstrʌɡ(ə)l] | борьба, усилие |
| bounce back v | [baʊns ˈbæk] | прийти в норму |
| deforestation n | [ˌdiːfɒrɪˈsteɪʃ(ə)n] | вырубка леса |
Exercise 17. Read and translate the following words and word combinations from English into Russian.
Undecayed vegetation, migrating birds, hydro-electric power, migratory fish, nitrogen oxide, harmful residues, overfishing, agricultural waste, building of dams, activities threaten the health, water purifying, landscape disruption, storm water, emission.
Read the text and translate. Be ready to discuss.
Wetlands are important ecosystems that are part aquatic, part terrestrial. They are submerged, either partially or wholly, for at least part of the year. There are various types of wetland, described by their vegetation. Swamps are wetlands with trees, whereas a marsh is a wetland that does not have any trees. A bog contains areas of ground that are saturated with water and its ground is made of a material called peat, which is composed of accumulated and undecayed vegetation. Fens are like bogs, but their water is groundwater, whereas a bog is wet mainly by precipitation. Swamps and marshes are more nutrient-rich and productive than fens and bogs. Wetlands are often rich in biodiversity and are important for breeding and migrating birds and wild flowers. They play an important role by soaking up storm water, preventing flooding by slowing down the rate at which the water reaches river systems. They also act as a filter for agricultural waste, because wetland plants and microbes can detoxify otherwise harmful residues, thereby purifying this water.
Humans use fresh water in many ways, but these activities threaten the health of freshwater ecosystems when we are not careful. For instance, overfishing, pollution, and disruption of the landscape through projects like dams and deforestation are just a few ways we can put these ecosystems—and ultimately, our own access to fresh water—at risk. Moreover acid rain created from sulfur (S) and nitrogen oxide (NO) emissions turns many lakes and streams acidic, leaving them unable to support various fish species. The building of dams to create hydro-electric power plants blocks the routes of migratory fish such as salmon. Deforestation adds silt to a stream or river and slows it down, which may increase flooding. When the changes we cause are too great or too sudden, then ecosystems struggle to bounce back.
Exercise 17. Read and translate the following words and word combinations from Russian into English.
Размножение, плотина, разрушение, обезвреживать, очищение, наводнение, отходы, биоразнообразие, заболоченная территория, осадок, вырубка леса, вредный, нетленные растительности, деятельность, угрожающая здоровью, проходная рыба, дождевая вода, вредный осадок, топь, трясина, торф, двуокись азота, выброс.
Exercise 18. Give special characteristics to each category of freshwater ecosystems according to the table below:
| Rivers and streams | Wetlands | Lakes and ponds |
Exercise 19. Test yourself by answering these questions and summarize given information.
Which ecosystem can be considered aquatic and terrestrial?
What types of wetland do you know?
Which ground of wetlands is made of a material called peat?
What kind of wetlands are more nutrient-rich and productive?
What is the role of wetlands in aquatic ecosystems?
What human activities are harmful for aquatic ecosystems?
What is acid rain created from?
What are the problems usually caused by a dam?
What may increase flooding?
How wetlands can detoxify harmful residues?
Text B
The types of aquatique ecosystems.
Marine Ecosystems
Part 1
VOCABULARY LIST TO TEXT B part1
| compound | [ˈkɒmpaʊnd] | соединение |
| oceanic | [ˌəʊsɪˈanɪk] | океанический |
| intertidal | [ɪntəˈtʌɪd(ə)l] | находящийся в приливной зоне |
| estuary | [ˈɛstjʊ(ə)ri] | устье |
| shark | [ʃɑːk] | акула |
| whale | [weɪl|] | кит |
| starfish | [ˈstɑːfɪʃ] | морская звезда |
| sponge | [spʌn(d)ʒ] | губка |
| Shore | [ʃɔː] | побережье |
| herbivore | [ˈhəːbɪvɔː] | травоядное |
| Tiny | [ˈtaɪni] | крошечный |
| retrieve | [rɪˈtriːv] | доставать; изымать |
| Specimen | [ˈspɛsɪmɪn] | экземпляр |
| incompressible | [ɪnkəmˈprɛsɪb(ə)l] | несжимаемый |
| phylum | [ˈfʌɪləm] | тип |
Exercise 20. Read and translate the following words and word combinations from English into Russian.
Dissolved compounds, continental shelf, bottom substrates, salt marshes, coral reefs, hydrothermal vents, chemosynthetic sulphur bacteria, brown algae, commercial food, marine communities, mangrove swamps, photosynthetic algae, atmospheric pressure, sea creatures, deeper circulation currents, dinoflagellate, cephalopod, echinoderm, profundal, benthic,specimen, herbivore, intertidal, shore, estuary, intertidal, naval vessel, herbivores, surface currents, phylum, chemistry uniform.
