2020-10-10
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Марикультура, вмешательство человека, исчезающие виды, кислородное истощение, фермы по производству плотоядных рыб, сброс биогенных веществ, морские вши, нарушение природного запаса, органические загрязнения, сточные воды, природные ресурсы, форель, речной рак, лосось, светлоперый судак, жёлтый окунь, полосатый окунь, сом, тилапия, декоративная рыба, программы по разведению, развитие биотехнологий, плавниковые рыбы, питомник, моллюск, собирать урожай, разведение.
Exercise 48. Make up collocations using words from both columns.
| oxygen | fish |
| algae | programs, |
| ornamental | depletion |
| biotechnology | bloom |
| human | environment |
| breeding | intervention |
| saltwater | development |
Exercise 48. Give the definition to the following terms:
Oxygen depletion, sea lice, overfishing, sandy substrate, nutrient loading.
Exercise 51. Test yourself by answering these questions and summarize given information.
What is mariculture?
What human intervention is involved into mariculture?
What areas does mariculture cover?
What organizations do controll mariculture?
What types of fish species are farmed in the United States?
Where are farmed fish raised in?
What can suffocate marine life on the sea floor below farming pens?
What can cause a eutrophication in ponds?
Why do shrimp farmers need to pump pesticides, fungicides, parasiticides, and algicides into the ponds?
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What are nursery areas sensitive to?
Text C
It is interesting to know
Examples of Aquaculture
VOCABULARY LIST TO TEXT C
| wastes n | [weɪsts] | отходы |
| fertilizer n | [ˈfəːtɪlʌɪzə] | удобрение |
| extractive adj | [ɪkˈstraktɪv] | извлекаемый, добываемый |
| incorporation n | [ɪnˌkɔːpəˈreɪʃn] | обьединение |
| diversification n | [dʌɪvəːsɪfɪˈkeɪʃ(ə)n] | разнообразие, многообразие |
| crop n | [krɒp] | урожай |
Exercise 47. Read and translate the following words and word combinations from English into Russian.
Sheltered coastal waters, fertilizer, inorganic extractive, biomitigation, environmental sustainability, social acceptability, synergistic benefits, harvestable crops of commercial value, integrated aquaculture, peri-urban-aquaculture systems, chemical processes, significant shifts in the ecosystems, greater diversity of species, low management, aquatic polyculture, energy transfer through water, incorporation of species, biofilter
Read the text and translate in written form.
Mariculture is the term used for the cultivation of marine organisms in seawater, usually in sheltered coastal waters. In particular, the farming of marine fish is an example of mariculture, and so also is the farming of marine crustaceans (such as shrimps), mollusks (such as oysters) and seaweed.
Integrated Multi – Trophic Aquaculture (IMTA) is a practice in which the by-products (wastes) from one species are recycled to become inputs (fertilizers, food) for another. Fed aquaculture (for example, fish, shrimp) is combined with inorganic extractive (for example, seaweed) and organic extractive (for example, shellfish) aquaculture to create balanced systems for environmental sustainability (biomitigation), economic stability (product diversification and risk reduction) and social acceptability (better management practices).
"Multi-Trophic" refers to the incorporation of species from different trophic or nutritional levels in the same system. This is one potential distinction from the age-old practice of aquatic polyculture, which could simply be the co-culture of different fish species from the same trophic level. In this case, these organisms may all share the same biological and chemical processes, with few synergistic benefits, which could potentially lead to significant shifts in the ecosystems. Some traditional polyculture systems may, in fact, incorporate a greater diversity of species, occupying several niches, as extensive cultures (low intensity, low management) within the same pond. The "Integrated" in IMTA refers to the more intensive cultivation of the different species in proximity of each other, connected by nutrient and energy transfer through water.
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Ideally, the biological and chemical processes in an IMTA system should balance. This is achieved through the appropriate selection and proportions of different species providing different ecosystem functions. The co-cultured species are typically more than just biofilters; they are harvestable crops of commercial value. A working IMTA system can result in greater total production based on mutual benefits to the co-cultured species and improved ecosystem health, even if the production of individual species is lower than in a monoculture over a short term period.
Sometimes the term "Integrated Aquaculture" is used to describe the integration of monocultures through water transfer. For all intents and purposes however, the terms "IMTA" and "integrated aquaculture" differ only in their degree of descriptiveness. Aquaponics fractionated aquaculture, IAAS (integrated agriculture-aquaculture systems), IPUAS (integrated peri-urban-aquaculture systems), and IFAS (integrated fisheries-aquaculture systems) are other variations of the IMTA concept.
Exercise 48. Give the definition to the following terms:
Biomitigation, aquaponics, inorganic extractive, integrated aquaculture, biofilter.
Unit 8
Text A
Aquaculture systems
VOCABULARY LIST TO TEXT A
| enclose | [ɪnˈkləʊz] | окружать, огораживать |
| pond | [pɒnd] | пруд |
| tank | [tæŋk] | водоём, резервуар |
| raceway | [ˈreɪsweɪ] | рыбоходный канал |
| cage | [keɪdʒ] | клетка, изолятор |
| release | выпускать на волю |
Exercise 47. Read and translate the following words and word combinations from English into Russian.
Ponds, tanks, raceways, cages, pens, water exchange, recirculating, water flow, semi-intensive, Atlantic salmon, aquaculture production, silver perch.
