The three main sources of enriching vocabulary

1) borrowings

2) semantic derivation – an old W take on a new M. hand – of a clock. The M is transferred (either Mtph, or Mtn)

3) The L-ge makes a new W from the elements available in the L-ge – derivation (WBuilding, WFormation).

Derivation – 1) the process of making a new W

                              2) certain rules governing the choice of methods.

L-ge is reusing Ws (and parts of Ws), it’s conservative & economical. We economize efforts.

70% of Ws are derived. There are very few simple Ws (girl, boy, chair).

New Ws: only 7.5% borrowed. The rest are English Ws (with the help of English means.) a page-turner – a thriller-story, a cliff-hanger …

Hi-jack – sea-jack – car-jack

netiquette, netizen…

The list of new Ws is always open. People keep coining new Ws.

The vocab is dramatically enriched.

swim – swimming – a swim – converting Vs into Ns.

Means of WB:

1. Major (Primary, Patterned):

· Word-derivation (affixation, convertion)

· WComposition (WC J)

2. Minor (Secondary, Non-Patterned):

· Abbreviation (apocope, aphaeresis, syncope, Wclipping at the beg-ng&end)

 

a) Apocope – a word is shortened at the end

e.g. lab.; sec.; adrert.-ad. –(advertisement); bike

b) Aphaeresis – a word is dropped at the beginning

e.g.car=>moto-car; plane=>airplane; bus=>omnibus

c) Syncope – dropped in the middle

e.g. maths=>mathematics (is); spects=>spectacles (are)

d) had no name – a word was shortened at the beginning and at the end

e.g. influenza=>flue=>flu; detective=>tec; refrigerator => fridge 

· BackFormation. (overriding the Laws of L-ge). Usu S -> Pl, but: peas – pea…

· Sound/Stress interchange (‘im’port, food - feed)

· Word-making (artificially) – nylon

WB – the most active&productive way of enriching EngVoc.

WB – the system of derivative types of Ws and the process of creating new Ws from the material available in the L-ge after certain semantic and structural patterns.

8. The complex units of word-building system: word-building cluster, row, category.

· Derivational row/set – a group of words built according to the same pattern.

e.g. conversion pattern: to back, to hand

· Derivational cluster – complex unity of words with the same root morpheme. That’s why they are close in meaning. But they are built after different patterns.

e.g. brother: stepbrother, to brother, brother-law, brotherly

· Derivational category unites patterns of different kinds, but with one general meaning

Word-building is one of the main ways of enriching vocabulary.

A der row -is a group of words, built according to the same affix. The roof units them into a der cluster. (pattern+affix)

1 degree: brother-              the roof units these words into a der cluster

brotherly (adv)

-brotherless (adj)

-brotherlessness (2 degree)

-to brother

-brother-in-law (2 degree)

This method was introduced by Soboleva.

Der cluster -is a complex unity of words with the same root morpheme they are close in mng, but are built after a number of patterns, which are different. The root units them. The depth of the cluster shows the number of the steps, the degree of derivation. The volume of the cluster – the number of derivatives in a cluster.

Patterns of different kinds, but having one general mng, can be included into one derivation category.

Collectivity – dom, age, hood, ship

Singularity – let. Ing, et, ton

· Agentivity – er, ist, ant, ess, ster, ette