2014-02-05
3892
Ideographic synonyms are words conveying the same notion but differing in shades of meaning (in the notion and emotion expressed)
a piece - a lump (square) - a slice (thinly cut); to cry - to shout - to yell - to roar; to tremble - to shiver - to shudder; to run - to dash; anger - fury; to like - to admire - to love; well - known - famous - celebrated - notorious
to begin - to start - to commence (bookish); catching - infections (bookish) sky (neutral) - heaven (poetic) to try - to endeavour (bookish) to help - to assist (bookish)
Stylistic colouring may also be accompanied by a difference in a emotional colouring or some other shades of meaning, to say - to pronounce (pompously) head - onion money - cabbage
Such synonyms are called ideographic - stylistic.
Contextual synonyms are similar in meaning only under some specific distributional conditions. Thus, the words "to stand, to suffer, to bear" semantically, used separately, are different words. But in the negative form they denote one and the same notion (become synonyms): can't stand it; can't suffer it; can't bear it.
Absolute (total) synonyms are words coinciding in all their shades of meaning and in all their stylistic characteristics. They are usually technical and scientific terms. In the course of time they may develop different characteristics in one or all of them.
Eg.: noun - substantive; oculist - eye specialist; pharmacist - chemist; therapist -physician; neurologist - nerve specialist; medical texts are rich in total synonyms.
Synonyms are the basis of language culture. To speak correctly and well one must know a lot of synonyms and differences between them.
Linguistic analyses of scientific and popular medical texts shows the wide usage of the following synonyms:
trigger - cause; to offer - to suggest; seizure - fit; sick - ill; example - sample; to need - to demand, - to require; frequently - often; to help - to assist; condition -disease - illness; to occur - to take place; impaired - handicapped; to require - to demand; different - various; to treat - to cure, benefit - effect; fat - stout - obese; doctor - health professional - health worker; pediatrist - foot specialist; chemist's -pharmacy; to develop - to fall ill, rheumatologist - a joint specialist; normally -generally, etc.
There are some explanations.
| to offer | to suggest | ||||||
| 1. objector activities(help, a cup of tea, job, a book, etc. V + N. The doctor offered me a leaflet with instructions how to do eye exercises. | ideasor plans= представить на рассмотрение, предложить что-либо сделать V + gerund: The doctor suggested me going to the crimes V + придаточное дополнение: He suggested thatI (we, you, he...) shouldkeep to a healthy diet | ||||||
| 2. different(различный,неодинаковый) They have different plans (decisions)... | various(различный, разнообразный) There exist various opinions about how to begin it; various approaches to smith... | ||||||
| 3. sick 1) not well physically. Bob is sick with the flu. 2) upset in the stomach. We felt sick as soon as the ship began to move, to get seasick, airsick, travelsick | ill;to be ill (part of the verb) yesterday I was ill and stayed at home. "Ill" is never used before the noun! | ||||||
| 4. Illness (sickness) the state of being ill not very serious and usually short-term His illness prevented him from going to school | disease refers to a particular kind of illness with special symptoms and name serious, usually long term Scarlet fever is a catching disease | ||||||
| 5. a cause something that make a disease start and develop; neutral in use | a trigger the same; but it is a more bookish word | ||||||
| 6. to require 1) means "to need" 2) to ask or order someone to do smth (often in the passive voice) Immunocompromised patients with pneumonia require hospitalization Healthy diet, fresh air and good rest are required of sick people | to demand 1) to ask firmly for smth, eg. explanations 2) "require" and "demand" are often interchangeable | ||||||
| 7. to treat the process of treatment with medications and other therapies Most infections diseases are treated with antibiotics | to cure means to bring back to health A person must be treated to be cured, After the course of treatment the patient was completely cured | to heal means to make healthy after wounds of any kind The doctor applied a medicine which soon healed the deep cut in the boy's arm | |||||
| 8. pain means suffering of a body bad, weak, acute, short-term, long-term, sharp, sudden | ache lasting, mostly dull, located in inner organs in knees, bones, etc. headache, toothache, stomachache, etc. | pang sudden, acute, spasmatic I feel a sharp pang if I touch an aching tooth | |||||
| 9. professional | health | doctor | medic | ||||
| worker | neutral | conversational style | |||||
| bookish | |||||||
