Pre-germanic history. OLD english

PRE-GERMANIC HISTORY

HISTORIC DATES POLITICAL/SOCIAL/CULTURAL EVENTS MAJOR LANGUAGE CHANGES PHONETIC| GRAMMATICAL CHANGES (конспект учебника) LEXICAL  MATERIAL (уч. Аракина (+фильм "The Ad venture of English") 7th cent. B.C.   The Celtic settlements on the British Isles     ___________________________________________ Celtic borrowings (will appear in the English language much later after the invasion of the Germanic tribes through contact with the Romanized Celts): Lexical examples*: crag, brock, comb (= a deep valley), druid, cradle, whiskey, bin, ass, bald, down, bard. Toponyms: London, the Thames, Dover, Haven, the Avon, the Downs, Carlisle (=a military camp), Torpenhow(=peak) – borrowed toponymic elements; уч. Аракина (+фильм "The Ad venture of English")   43 A.D. The Holy Roman Empire leaves the British Isles     ___________________________________________ Latin borrowings 1a (words borrowed from Latin by the Romanized Celts): Street, wall, bath; лат. castra («военный лагерь») > ceaster > -caster, -chester, -cester в составе современных английских топонимов: Manchester, Lancaster, Gloucester, Worecester,Chester.

OLD ENGLISH

449 A.D.     Saxes, jutes, angles and frizzes come to the Isles     THE LANGUAGE IS BORN Latin borrowings 1 (Latin words borrowed and brought by the Germanic tribes from the continent)*: Wine, cheese, butter, plant, poppy, cherry, pear, plum, pea, beet, pepper, mint, cup, kitchen, dish, cook, mill, port, cattle, cart, bath 593 A.D. Christianity is brought to the Isles.     1. Palatal umlaut (phonetics) 2. Short vowels (phonetics): [u]>[y], [o]>[e], [a]>[e] 3. Long vowels(phonetics): [u:]>[y], [o:[>[e:], [a:]>[ᴁ:] 4. Diphthongs)phonetics): [ea:]>[ie:], [eo:]>[ie:] 5. Monophthongisation(phonetics): [ie]>[y], [ie:]>[y:]. All nouns are divided in several groups according to the core of the noun; appearing of degrees of comparison. Division of the verbs in 7 classes; different types of word order according to the first word in a sentence. Latin borrowings 2 (church words)*: priest, bishop, archbishop, monk, nun, candle, altar, church, angel, apostle, pope, psalm, temple, shrine, relic, disciple school, scholar, magister, master, grammar, senior, Latin, verse, notary silk, cap, sock, cat, purple, mete 878 A.D. The Danes conquer lands of angles-saxes.   The reduction of unstressed vowels > The leveling of grammatical endings Ø THE START OF RADICAL CHANGE FOR THE SIMPLIFICATION OF GRAMMAR (A SHIFT  TO THE ANALYTICAL STRUCTURE) Scandinavian borrowings: call, take, cast, die, get, give, raise, glitter, hit, want, guess, dream, scream, scrape, are, am, ill, loose, low, weak, odd, happy, wrong, rotten, ugly, awkward husband, sister, gift, gild, bank, egg, gate, anger, wing, dream, bread, earl, law, kid, race, dirt, friend, birth, crook, follow, fellow, window, sky, skill, skin, skirt, ski Toponyms with borrowed Scandinavian elements (элементы, вошедшие в состав английских топонимов в качестве морфем)*: -by: Whitby,Derby, Corby - English-Norse etymological doublets*: Skirt-shirt Shrew-screw Shriek-screech Scare-scar English-Norse synonyms*: Hide -skin Stone-rock(?)