Decline all the words from vocabulary 1

 

Lesson 4

THE TENSES OF THE INDICATIVE

There are six tenses in the indicative mood:

The present tense indicates an action which is going on now or is habitual, (optat- he desires, he is desiring). NOTE: The Latin form makes no distinction between the simple present tense and the present progressive.

The Imperfect {imperfectum = "not completed") describes an action which was going on or was habitual in the past. The imperfect is in some respects a motion picture of past action, (ortabat - he desired (continually, habitually), he was desiring, he used to desire, he kept on desiring).

The future refers to an action which will occur at some later time. {ortabit - he will desire, he will be desiring). NOTE: Again, the Latin form makes no distinction between the future simple and the future progressive.

The perfect tense (perfectum = "completed") describes one of two types of action: a) one which took place at some poit in the past, (optavit - he desired). NOTE: This aspect of the perfect is most nearly equivalent to the English past tense, b) One which is completed from the point of view of the present, (optavit- he has desired) NOTE: This aspect is most nearly equivalent to the English present perfect.

Pluperfect (Past Perfect) (plus quam perfectum = "more than completed") describes an action which was already completed at some time in the past.(optaverat -he had desired)

The future perfect indicates an action which will be completed before some point of time in the future, (optaverit - he will have desired.

CONJUGATION OF VERBS

The endings of Latin vebs change according to time (whether it is in the past, present or future) and person (I, you, we, etc.). This is called conjugation. The unchanging part of the verb is called the stem. There are four regular types of verbs: those with an "a" stem (ama-re), those with an "e" stem (habe-re), those with a consonant (steleg- ere), and those with an "i" stem (audi-re).

Personal pronouns (I, you, we, etc) are not usual in Latin. You can tell which person it is by the verb ending. The endings in the Present Tense are:

- o I -mus we

-s you -tis you (plural)

-t he/she/it -nt nt

First Conjugation (Present Indicative Active)

Singular

1st	specto / look, I am looking, I do look	-0
2nd	spectas you look, you are looking, you do look	-s
3rd	spectat he looks, he is looking, he does look	-t

Plural

1st	1st spectamus we look, we are looking, we do look	-mus
2nd	2nd spectatis you look, you are looking, you do look	-tis
3rd	3rd spectant they look, they are looking, they do look	-nt

	VOCABULARY2
English meaning	Latin words	Related English Words
to carry	porto, are	porter, export
to praise	laudo, are	laudable
to live (in), to dwell (in)	habito, are	inhabit
to walk	ambulo, are ■	amble
to look	specto, are	inspect, spectator
to stand	sto, are ■'	station
to save	servo, are	preserve
to work	laboro, are:	labor, laborious
to sing	canto, are
to love	amo, are	amorous
to call	voco, a re	vocalic, vocation

15. Pronounce, and give the person, number, and meaning of:

lauda s, lauda tis, port o, canta mus, ama t, porta nt, ambula s, ambula nt, sta nt, ama mus, serva nt, serva tis, habita mus, sta mus, ama tis, labora nt, labora mus, serva s.

16. Pronounce the Latin, giving the correct sound of every vowel and the proper accent of every word. Translate into Russian:

a) Ambulas et portas; laborant sed ambulamus.

b) Laborat et vocat; ambulatis; sed non laboratis.

c) Vocat sed non vocamus; ambulant sed non portant.

17. Translate into Latin:

You (sing.) carry, he carries, we carry, they carry, I carry, you (plur.) carry, they walk, you (sing.) call, he walks, I live, they work, you (plur.) work, you (sing.) work, he lives, we walk, he calls, I work, they call, we live, he works.

 

The Present Indicative of sum (to be):
Singularis Pluralis

1st	sum	I am	sumus	weare
2nd	es	you are	estis	you are
3nd	est	he, she, it is	sunt	they are

18. Pronounce and examine the following sentences:

1. Numa est agricola. - Numa is a farmer.

2. Filiae sunt reginae.- The daughters are queens.

3. Puella est parva. - The girl is small.

4. Filiae sunt bonae. - The daughters are good.

Lesson 5